夭逝

Chinese

		tender; gentle; to die prematurely	depart; die
trad. (夭逝)		夭	逝
simp. ^#(夭逝)		夭	逝

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yāoshì, yǎoshì

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄠㄕˋ, ㄧㄠˇ ㄕˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jiu² sai⁶ / jiu¹ sai⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yāoshì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄠㄕˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yaoshìh
  - Wade–Giles: yao¹-shih⁴
  - Yale: yāu-shr̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iaushyh
  - Palladius: яоши (jaoši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, literary)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yǎoshì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄠˇ ㄕˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yǎoshìh
  - Wade–Giles: yao³-shih⁴
  - Yale: yǎu-shr̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeaushyh
  - Palladius: яоши (jaoši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jiu² sai⁶ / jiu¹ sai⁶
  - Yale: yíu saih / yīu saih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jiu² sai⁶ / jiu¹ sai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: yiu² sei⁶ / yiu¹ sei⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːu̯³⁵ sɐi̯²²/, /jiːu̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯²²/

Note: jiu1 sai6 - common variant.

Verb

夭逝

(literary) to die young
(literary, figuratively) to come to a premature end; to be short-lived; to be aborted prematurely

Synonyms

(to die young):

edit

夭壽／夭寿 (yāoshòu)
夭壽死／夭寿死 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
夭折
夭閼／夭阏 (yǎo'è)
早夭
早死 (zǎosǐ)
短命 (duǎnmìng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
夭	逝
よう Hyōgai	せい Grade: S
on'yomi	kan'on

Etymology

Ultimately from Chinese 夭逝 (literally “die young + die, pass away”), possibly as a learned borrowing from Chinese. Likely used as a slight orthographic variant of more-common and older synonym 夭折 (yōsetsu), adding the 辶 (chuò) element to the 折 character. Listed in some dictionaries as a synonym for 夭折 (yōsetsu) with more Chinese overtones.^[1]

First cited to 1935, compared to a first attestation of 756 CE for 夭折 (yōsetsu).^[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) よーせー [yòóséé] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [jo̞ːse̞ː]

Noun

夭(よう)逝(せい) • (yōsei) ^{←えうせい (eusei)^?}

[from 1935] a premature death, dying while still young
Synonym: 夭折 (yōsetsu)

Verb

夭(よう)逝(せい)する • (yōsei suru) ^{←えうせい (eusei)^?}intransitive suru (stem 夭(よう)逝(せい)し (yōsei shi), past 夭(よう)逝(せい)した (yōsei shita))

[from 1935] to die prematurely, to die while still young
Synonym: 夭折 (yōsetsu)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "夭逝する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	夭逝し	ようせいし	yōsei shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	夭逝し	ようせいし	yōsei shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	夭逝する	ようせいする	yōsei suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	夭逝する	ようせいする	yōsei suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	夭逝すれ	ようせいすれ	yōsei sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	夭逝せよ¹ 夭逝しろ²	ようせいせよ¹ ようせいしろ²	yōsei seyo¹ yōsei shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	夭逝される	ようせいされる	yōsei sareru
Causative	夭逝させる夭逝さす	ようせいさせるようせいさす	yōsei saseru yōsei sasu
Potential	夭逝できる	ようせいできる	yōsei dekiru
Volitional	夭逝しよう	ようせいしよう	yōsei shiyō
Negative	夭逝しない	ようせいしない	yōsei shinai
Negative continuative	夭逝せず	ようせいせず	yōsei sezu
Formal	夭逝します	ようせいします	yōsei shimasu
Perfective	夭逝した	ようせいした	yōsei shita
Conjunctive	夭逝して	ようせいして	yōsei shite
Hypothetical conditional	夭逝すれば	ようせいすれば	yōsei sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
夭	逝

Noun

夭逝 • (yoseo) (hangeul 요서)

hanja form^? of 요서

[SMK5-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ-2] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-3] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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