する
See also: ずる
JapaneseEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Alternative spelling |
---|
為る |
From Old Japanese root verb す (su, “to do”).[1][2] Cognate with Okinawan すん (sun).
As with all verbs, during the Middle Japanese stage in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal or sentence-ending form”) was gradually lost as the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) came to be used for both the attributive and terminal grammatical roles, realigning the conjugations.
PronunciationEdit
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "する"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
する | する | [sùrú] |
Imperative (命令形) | しろ せよ |
しろ せよ |
[shìró] [séꜜyò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | される | される | [sàrérú] |
Causative | させる | させる | [sàsérú] |
Potential | できる | できる | [dèkíꜜrù] |
Volitional | しよう | しよー | [shìyóꜜò] |
Negative | しない | しない | [shìnáí] |
Negative perfective | しなかった | しなかった | [shìnáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | します | します | [shìmáꜜsù] |
Perfective | した | した | [shìtá] |
Conjunctive | して | して | [shìté] |
Hypothetical conditional | すれば | すれば | [sùréꜜbà] |
VerbEdit
する • (suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem し (shi), past した (shita))
- (intransitive)
- (of inanimate objects) to exist; to come up
- 稲光がする
- inabikari ga suru
- Lightning occurred.
- においがする
- nioi ga suru
- There is a smell.
- 稲光がする
- (of a specified state; of a specified quality) to exist (in someone or something)
- がっしりした骨組み
- gasshiri shita honegumi
- a rigid structure
- がっしりした骨組み
- to be worth; to have the value of
- 五億円もする絵
- gooku en mo suru e
- a painting worth 500 million yen
- 五億円もする絵
- (of time) to pass; to elapse
- 一年もすれば忘れるだろう
- ichinen mo sureba wasureru darō
- It will be forgotten after one year.
- 一年もすれば忘れるだろう
- (of inanimate objects) to exist; to come up
- (transitive)
- to do; to perform an action
- 何をしていますか。
- Nani o shite imasu ka.
- What are you doing?
- 何をしていますか。
- to act as; to play a role of
- 私が司会をする
- watashi ga shikai o suru
- I am the anchorman.
- 私が司会をする
- to render; to make become (used as the suppletive causative form of なる (naru))
- (to be in a specified state; to have a specified quality) to be
- 怖い目つきをする
- kowai metsuki o suru
- to have an intimidating glare
- 怖い目つきをする
- to wear (accessories)
- ネクタイをする。
- Nekutai o suru.
- I wear a necktie.
- ネクタイをする。
- to decide; to choose or to make a judgment
- まあ、これでよしとしよう
- mā, kore de yoshi to shiyō
- Alright, let's go with that.
- 出場を取りやめにする
- shutsujō o toriyame ni suru
- I decided to quit the competition.
- まあ、これでよしとしよう
- to do; to perform an action
- (auxiliary)
- "Adverb + する ", forming predicates or attributives from adverbs.
- "Verbal noun + emphatic particle (e.g. は, も, こそ, さえ) + する ", emphasizing the verb.
- 雪は降りはしたが積もらなかった
- yuki wa furi wa shita ga tsumoranakatta
- It did snow, but the snow did not pile up.
- 雪は降りはしたが積もらなかった
- "Volitional form of verb + と + する ": to be about to; to incline to
- 日が沈もうとしている
- hi ga shizumō to shite iru
- The sun is sinking.
- 日が沈もうとしている
- " に / と + する ", to give a condition or standpoint, either real or hypothetical: if / since; assuming that / now that
- 習作とすれば上々の出来だ
- shūsaku to sureba jōjō no deki da
- It is of a considerably good quality as for a practice writing.
- 親としては心配するのは当然だ
- oya to shite wa shinpai suru no wa tōzen da
- It's inevitable to worry about that if you were the parent.
- どんなに急いだにしても間に合わなかっただろう
- donna ni isoida ni shite mo ma ni awanakatta darō
- It would never have been done in time no matter how hard we had worked.
- 習作とすれば上々の出来だ
- (humble) " 御/御 + verbal noun + する ", a humble form of the verb.
Usage notesEdit
- The verb する (“to do”) is seldom written in kanji (為る).
- It is common to use する after certain nouns to indicate that the noun is being done; this is highly productive, meaning many nouns can be used as verbs in this way. Some examples are:
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of "する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | さ・し・せ* | sa shi se* | ||
Continuative (連用形) | し | shi | ||
Terminal (終止形) | する | suru | ||
Attributive (連体形) | する | suru | ||
Hypothetical (仮定形) | すれ | sure | ||
Imperative (命令形) | せよ¹ しろ² |
seyo¹ shiro² | ||
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | される | sareru | ||
Causative | させる さす |
saseru sasu | ||
Potential | できる | dekiru | ||
Volitional | しよう | shiyō | ||
Negative | しない | shinai | ||
Negative continuative | せず | sezu | ||
Formal | します | shimasu | ||
Perfective | した | shita | ||
Conjunctive | して | shite | ||
Hypothetical conditional | すれば | sureba | ||
* The sa- imperfective occurs in Kansai dialect and in certain set phrases, and forms the base of the passive and causative conjugations sareru, saseru, and sasu. The se- imperfective occurs in Classical Japanese and in other set phrases, and forms the base of the negative continuative conjugation sezu. The shi- imperfective is most common in Tokyo-standard everyday modern Japanese for forming the base of the negative conjugation shinai.
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | せ | se | |
Continuative (連用形) | し | si | |
Terminal (終止形) | す | su | |
Attributive (連体形) | する | suru | |
Realis (已然形) | すれ | sure | |
Imperative (命令形) | せよ | seyo | |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | せず | sezu | |
Contrasting conjunction | すれど | suredo | |
Causal conjunction | すれば | sureba | |
Conditional conjunction | せば | seba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | しき | siki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | しけり | sikeri | |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | しつ | situ | |
Perfect tense (natural event) | しぬ | sinu | |
Perfect-continuative tense | せり したり |
seri sitari |
SynonymsEdit
- (to do): 致す (itasu) (humble)
- (to do): やる (yaru) (colloquial)
- (to do): 成す, 為す (nasu) (somewhat archaic, usage is more limited)
- (to do): 行う (okonau, “to carry out”)
- (used to make a verb): 〜る (-ru), a much less productive suffix for turning a noun into a verb
See alsoEdit
- す (su)
Etymology 2Edit
Reading for various kanji spellings.
VerbEdit
Various verbs deriving from senses similar to “to slide” or “to rub”:
- 刷る, 摺る: to print something (from the way the paper would be placed on the printing block and rubbed)
- 掏る: to pick someone's pocket (possibly from the way a pickpocket must slide along unnoticed;[1] compare English slick)
- 擦る, 摩る, 磨る, 擂る: to slide, to rub, to chafe, to strike (as in a match, by rubbing); to lose or waste money
- 剃る: irregular reading for 剃る (soru, “to shave”)