Japanese edit

Kanji in this term

Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
超える
踰える

Etymology edit

From Old Japanese 越ゆ (koyu), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, lower bigrade conjugation) pattern.


Pronunciation edit

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "越える"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
越える える [kòérú]
Imperative (命令形) 越えよ [kòéꜜyò]
Key constructions
Passive 越えられる えられる [kòérárérú]
Causative 越えさせる えさせる [kòésásérú]
Potential 越えられる えられる [kòérárérú]
Volitional 越えよう えよ [kòéyóꜜò]
Negative 越えない えない [kòénáí]
Negative perfective 越えなかった えなかった [kòénáꜜkàttà]
Formal 越えます えま [kòémáꜜsù]
Perfective 越えた えた [kòétá]
Conjunctive 越えて えて [kòété]
Hypothetical conditional 越えれば えれ [kòéréꜜbà]

Verb edit

()える (koerutransitive ichidan (stem () (koe), past ()えた (koeta))

  1. to exceed, to go over, to be more than, to cross
    限界(げんかい)()える
    genkai o koeru
    to exceed boundaries/limits
    10%を()える
    10% o koeru
    to go over ten percent
  2. to surpass, to excel
    予想(よそう)()える
    yosō o koeru
    to surpass expectations
    先輩(せんぱい)()える
    senpai o koeru
    to surpass a senior
  3. to transcend
    (とき)()える
    toki o koeru
    to transcend time

Usage notes edit

The verb is variously written as 越える or 超える. In the senses “to go over, to cross”, 越える may be more common, while 超える may be more common in the sense “to surpass”.[2] The form 踰える is rare and perhaps obsolete, though it is attested as recently as 1890.[3]

Conjugation edit

Synonyms edit

Antonyms edit

References edit

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ 2004. “こえる2” in Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, fifth edition. Tokyo: Kenkyūsha.
  3. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN