躓く
Japanese
editKanji in this term |
---|
躓 |
つまず Hyōgai |
kun'yomi |
Etymology
edit⟨tuma tuku⟩ → ⟨tumaduku⟩ → */tumaⁿduku/ → /t͡sumad͡zuku/ → /t͡sumazuku/
From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 爪 (tsuma, ancient combining form of tsume, “nail, claw”) + 突く (tsuku, “to poke, jab”).[1][2] The tsuku changes to zuku as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Pronunciation
edit- (Tokyo) つまずく [tsùmázúkú] (Heiban – [0])[2]
- (Tokyo) つまずく [tsùmázúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
- IPA(key): [t͡sɨma̠zɨkɯ̟]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "躓く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
躓く | つまずく | [tsùmázúkú] |
Imperative (命令形) | 躓け | つまずけ | [tsùmázúké] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 躓かれる | つまずかれる | [tsùmázúkárérú] |
Causative | 躓かせる | つまずかせる | [tsùmázúkásérú] |
Potential | - | - | - |
Volitional | 躓こう | つまずこー | [tsùmázúkóꜜò] |
Negative | 躓かない | つまずかない | [tsùmázúkánáí] |
Negative perfective | 躓かなかった | つまずかなかった | [tsùmázúkánáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 躓きます | つまずきます | [tsùmázúkímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 躓いた | つまずいた | [tsùmázúítá] |
Conjunctive | 躓いて | つまずいて | [tsùmázúíté] |
Hypothetical conditional | 躓けば | つまずけば | [tsùmázúkéꜜbà] |
Verb
edit躓く • (tsumazuku) ←つまづく (tumaduku)?intransitive godan (stem 躓き (tsumazuki), past 躓いた (tsumazuita))
Conjugation
editConjugation of "躓く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 躓か | つまずか | tsumazuka |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 躓き | つまずき | tsumazuki |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 躓く | つまずく | tsumazuku |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 躓く | つまずく | tsumazuku |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 躓け | つまずけ | tsumazuke |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 躓け | つまずけ | tsumazuke |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 躓かれる | つまずかれる | tsumazukareru |
Causative | 躓かせる 躓かす |
つまずかせる つまずかす |
tsumazukaseru tsumazukasu |
Potential | 躓ける | つまずける | tsumazukeru |
Volitional | 躓こう | つまずこう | tsumazukō |
Negative | 躓かない | つまずかない | tsumazukanai |
Negative continuative | 躓かず | つまずかず | tsumazukazu |
Formal | 躓きます | つまずきます | tsumazukimasu |
Perfective | 躓いた | つまずいた | tsumazuita |
Conjunctive | 躓いて | つまずいて | tsumazuite |
Hypothetical conditional | 躓けば | つまずけば | tsumazukeba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 躓か | つまづか | tumaduka |
Continuative (連用形) | 躓き | つまづき | tumaduki |
Terminal (終止形) | 躓く | つまづく | tumaduku |
Attributive (連体形) | 躓く | つまづく | tumaduku |
Realis (已然形) | 躓け | つまづけ | tumaduke |
Imperative (命令形) | 躓け | つまづけ | tumaduke |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 躓かず | つまづかず | tumadukazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 躓けど | つまづけど | tumadukedo |
Causal conjunction | 躓けば | つまづけば | tumadukeba |
Conditional conjunction | 躓かば | つまづかば | tumadukaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 躓きき | つまづきき | tumadukiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 躓きけり | つまづきけり | tumadukikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 躓きつ | つまづきつ | tumadukitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 躓きぬ | つまづきぬ | tumadukinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 躓けり 躓きたり |
つまづけり つまづきたり |
tumadukeri tumadukitari |
Volitional | 躓かむ | つまづかむ | tumadukamu |
Derived terms
editProverbs
edit- 躓く石も縁の端 (tsumazuku ishi mo en no hashi)
- 騏驥にも躓きあり (kiki ni mo tsumazuki ari)
- 山に躓かずして垤に躓く (yama ni tsumazukazu shite tetsu ni tsumazuku)
References
editCategories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 躓 read as つまず
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese compound terms
- Japanese terms with rendaku
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese terms historically spelled with づ
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese type 1 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with hyōgai kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples