-으키어

Jeju

Etymology

From 읔 (-euk-, “general speculative future suffix”) +‎ 이어 (-ieo, “uncertain suffix, perhaps a conjugation of the copula 이다 (-ida)”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Morphophonemic) IPA^(key): ⫽ɨkʰiə⫽
(Jeju City) IPA^(key): [ɨkçiə]
Phonetic hangul: [으키어]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	-eukieo
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	eukieo
Yale Romanization^?	ukhie

Suffix

으키어 (-eukieo)

An assertive or speculative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the "plain style" ᄒᆞ라체 (hawrache) formal non-polite speech level in declarative sentences. See 읔 (-euk-) for more.
Coordinate term: (used in questions) 을디아 (euldia)

아이고, 자이 덜 이 ᄀᆞᇀ이 펜안ᄒᆞ게 살아졋이민 ᄎᆞᆷ 좋으키어.
Aigo, jai-deor-i gawchi penanhawge sarajeosimin chawm jo-eukieo.
Sigh, it would be nice if they could live together peacefully.

가: 어멍 아, 민수가 엄창큰 낭글 올르단 쾅쾅 털어젼 가달 다쳔게 이!
나: 아영아영 난 모르키어 이! 제기 느 아방 신디 벵완 이 ᄃᆞ려 가ᇝ입셍 ᄀᆞᆯ아 주라! 저 망ᄒᆞᆯ 낭글 곧 싸사키여.
Ga: Eomeong-a, minsu-ga eomchangkeun nanggeul olleudan kwangkwang teoreojeon gadal dacheon'ge-i!
na: Ayeong'ayeong nan moreu-kieo-i! Jegi neu abang-sindi beng'wan-i dawryeogamsipseng gawrajura! Jeo manghawl nanggeul got ssa-sa-kiyeo.
A. Mom, Minsu fell hard after climbing a huge tree and hurt his leg!
B. What did I do to deserve this! Tell your father to start taking him to the hospital quickly! We gotta cut those damn trees down soon.
- 2015 December, 고동호, 송상조, 오창명, 문순덕, 오승훈, “제4장 문장 [je4jang munjang]”, in 제줏말의 이해 [jejunmarui ihae, Understanding Jeju]‎^[2] (overall work in Korean), 제주특별자치도: 제주발전연구원 제주학연구센터 [jejubaljeonyeon'guwon jejuhagyeon'gusenteo], →ISBN, 3.3.3 미래 시제: 1 선어말 어미로 표현되는 미래 시제 [3.3.3 mirae sije: 1 seoneomal eomiro pyohyeondoeneun mirae sije], page 193:
  ᄀ. 느 도 밥 먹엉 ᄒᆞᆨ교 갈디아?
  ^ᄂ. 으, 나 도 밥 먹엉 ᄒᆞᆨ교 가키어.
  G. Neu-do bap meogeong hawkgyo galdia?
  n. Eu, na-do bap meogeong hawkgyo ga-kieo.
  A: Are you going to school after eating too?
  B: Yes, I will also go to school after eating.
- 2023, 송상조 [songsangjo], “사 [sa]”, in 20세기 제주말 큰사전 [20segi jejumal keunsajeon], 한국문화사 [han'gungmunhwasa], →ISBN, page 983:
  느 사 아이 덜 이 착ᄒᆞ난 좋으키어.
  Neu-sa ai-deor-i chakhawnan joeukieo.
  You must be happy with (such) nice children.

Usage notes

Although this ending looks to be analogous to the Korean 겠 어 (-gess-eo) or 이 야 (-i-ya) 해체 (haeche, “informal, non-polite speech level”) endings in terms of speech levels, in Jeju grammar, it makes a part of the "plain style" ᄒᆞ라체 (hawrache) formal non-polite speech level. This is due to the fact that the ending 마씀 (-masseum) cannot be added to it, being analogous to the Korean 요 (-yo) ending which can only be added to 하게체 (hageche) or 해체 (haeche) endings. The equivalent Jeju ᄒᆞ여체 (hawyeoche, “informal, non-polite speech level”) ending is 으크라 (-eukeura) (also spelled as 으클아 (-eukeura) by O'Grady et al.).^[2]^[3]

Alternative forms

키어 (-kieo) — after a vowel or ㄹ (l)
이키어 (-ikieo) — after stems that end in ㅅ (s), ㅈ (j), or ㅊ (ch)
으키여 (-eukiyeo) (proscribed)

Derived terms

으켜 (-eukyeo)
으키옌 (-eukiyen)

Related terms

으클아 (-eukeura), 으크라 (-eukeura)
으쿠다 (-eukuda)

References

^ Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady (2020) “Chapter 6: Aspect, Modality, and Tense”, in Jejueo: The Language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, 2.3 Slot 3: Modality, pages 127-128
^ 고맹훈 [gomaenghun] (2018 February) 제주 방언의 상대높임법에 대한 고찰 상대 높임법 형태와 등급체계를 중심으로 [jeju bang'eonui sangdaenopimbeobe daehan gochal - sangdae nopimbeop hyeongtaewa deunggeupchegyereul jungsimeuro, Study on the honorifics in Jeju Dialect : Focusing on the form and rank of the honorifics]‎^[1] (in Korean), pages 79-80
^ Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady (2020) “Chapter 7: Sentence Enders”, in Jejueo: The Language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, A Segmentation Controversy (-ya or -nya), pages 200-201

[1] Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady (2020) “Chapter 6: Aspect, Modality, and Tense”, in Jejueo: The Language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, 2.3 Slot 3: Modality, pages 127-128

[2] 고맹훈 [gomaenghun] (2018 February) 제주 방언의 상대높임법에 대한 고찰 상대 높임법 형태와 등급체계를 중심으로 [jeju bang'eonui sangdaenopimbeobe daehan gochal - sangdae nopimbeop hyeongtaewa deunggeupchegyereul jungsimeuro, Study on the honorifics in Jeju Dialect : Focusing on the form and rank of the honorifics]‎^[1] (in Korean), pages 79-80

[3] Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady (2020) “Chapter 7: Sentence Enders”, in Jejueo: The Language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, A Segmentation Controversy (-ya or -nya), pages 200-201

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