Esperanto edit

Etymology edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): [um]
  • Audio:
    (file)
  • Hyphenation: um

Suffix edit

-um-

  1. related in an unspecific way. A lexical suffix with no fixed meaning or part of speech.[1]
    brako (arm) + ‎-um- → ‎brakumi (to hug)
    dekstra (right) + ‎-um- → ‎dekstruma (clockwise)
    komuna (common) + ‎-um- → ‎komunumo (community)
    mondo (world) + ‎-um- → ‎mondumo (high society)
    proksima (near) + ‎-um- → ‎proksimume (approximately)
    kruco (cross) + ‎-um- → ‎krucumi (to crucify)
    kolo (neck) + ‎-um- → ‎kolumo (collar)

Usage notes edit

Because meanings of words derived with this suffix cannot be predicted, each derivation requires a separate dictionary entry. The part of speech is specific to each coining, and not inherent in either the suffix or the stem to which it is attached.

Among other uses:

This suffix should be used with care when wanting to create new words, because they would likely not be understood by most speakers because of its unpredictable meaning.

Derived terms edit

References edit

  1. ^ Wennergren, Bertilo (2011-06-02), “UM”, in Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko[1] (in Esperanto), retrieved 2010-11-20

Hiligaynon edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.

Infix edit

-um-

  1. an agent trigger infix

Ido edit

Etymology edit

From Esperanto -um-.

Suffix edit

-um-

  1. suffix to be used only in specific cases where the meaning is also specified
    honoro (honor)honorumala (honorary)
    kruco (cross)krucumar (to cross (another road etc.))
    orelo (ear)orelumo (ear-covering, earlap)

Usage notes edit

The suffix -um- has an indeterminate meaning. The derivations of this suffix is only made by the Language Committee of Ido. It forms derivation, of which the meaning has an indefinite relation with the idea expressed by the prime root. The link which remain between them helps with the memorization, but, when one doesn't know the meaning of the derivation, only the lexicon can surely provide it.[1] There exists only a total of 30 words with this suffix in Ido.

Derived terms edit

References edit

  1. ^ “KGD”, in Kompleta gramatiko detaloza[2] (in Ido), accessed 2015-12-23, archived from the original on 2012-01-27

Nias edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.

Infix edit

-um-

  1. intransitive verb affix
  2. (southern) inflectional affix marking irrealis mood with transitive verbs

Old Javanese edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.

Infix edit

-um-

  1. active verb

Synonyms edit

Derived terms edit

Tagalog edit

Alternative forms edit

  • um-prefix
  • -im-when first vowel is /i/, obsolete

Etymology edit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.

Pronunciation edit

Infix edit

-um- (infix-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜓᜋ᜔)

  1. actor trigger: to do something
    Kumain ako.
    I ate. (I is focused.)
  2. no trigger: expresses natural phenomena
    Lumindol kanina.
    An earthquake occurred a while ago. (Nothing is focused.)
  3. actor trigger: to become or get
    Parang pumayat si Gloria.
    It looks like Gloria got thinner. (Gloria is focused.)
  4. actor trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
    Kumakain-kain ako pag wala akong magagawa.
    I eat a little bit when I have nothing to do. (I is focused.)

Usage notes edit

  • The affix mag- is usually used for verbs which involve an exterior object, whereas um- is used for verbs which don't.
    Nagtanong ako sa guro.I asked the teacher.
    Umalis na ako.I already left.
  • Mag- is also used for deliberate actions, while um- can be used for involuntary actions.
    Lumalaki ang bata.The child grew.
  • Some words can also change meaning if either one of them is used.
    Root word: alis = to go
    mag-alis = to remove
    umalis = to leave
    Root word: sakay = riding
    magsakay = to load
    sumakay = to ride
  • In ancient times, the affix had a variant -im- when the first vowel is an /i/. The variant is no longer used in modern Tagalog.
    linaw + ‎-im- → ‎liminaw
    inom + ‎im- → ‎iminom
  • Tagalog also used to have a separate infix -ungm- (and variant -ingm- before /i/) for the complete aspect and progressive aspects in the active trigger. The affixes fallen out of use in modern Tagalog in favor of -um-, which only served before as the infinitive form of the active trigger.

Related terms edit

See also edit