Appendix:Old Saxon verbs

Old Saxon verbs

		Strong verbs							Weak verbs
Conjugation	Pronoun	'to ride'	'to fly'	'to help'	'to break'	'to speak'	'to travel'	'to wield'	'to deem'	'to declare'	'to say'
Infinitive		rīdan	fliogan	helpan	brekan	sprekan	faran	waldan	dōmian	mahlon	seggian
Present indicative
	ik	rīdu	fliugu	hilpu	briku	spriku	faru	waldu	dōmiu	mahlo(n)	seggiu
	thū	rīdis	fliugis	hilpis	brikis	sprikis	feris	weldis	dōmis	mahlos	sages
	hē/it/siu	rīdid	fliugid	hilpid	brikid	sprikid	ferid	weldid	dōmid	mahlod	saged
	wī/gī/sia	rīdad	fliogad	helpad	brekad	sprekad	farad	waldad	dōmiad	mahliod	seggiad
Past indicative
	ik	rēd	flōg	halp	brak	sprak	fōr	wēld	dōmda	mahloda	sagda
	thū	ridi	flugi	hulpi	brāki	sprāki	fōri	wēldi	dōmdes	mahlodes	sagdes
	hē/it/siu	rēd	flōg	halp	brak	sprak	fōr	wēld	dōmda	mahloda	sagda
	wī/gī/sia	ridun	flugun	hulpun	brākun	sprākun	fōrun	wēldun	dōmdun	mahlodun	sagdun
Present subjunctive
	ik	rīde	flioge	helpe	breke	spreke	fare	walde	dōmie	mahlo	seggie
	thū	rīdes	flioges	helpes	brekes	sprekes	fares	waldes	dōmies	mahlos	seggies
	hē/it/siu	rīde	flioge	helpe	breke	spreke	fare	walde	dōmie	mahlo	seggie
	wī/gī/sia	rīden	fliogen	helpen	breken	spreken	faren	walden	dōmien	mahlion	seggien
Past subjunctive
	ik	ridi	flugi	hulpi	brāki	sprāki	fōri	wēldi	dōmdi	mahlodi	sagdi
	thū	ridis	flugis	hulpis	brākis	sprākis	fōris	wēldis	dōmdis	mahlodis	sagdis
	hē/it/siu	ridi	flugi	hulpi	brāki	sprāki	fōri	wēldi	dōmdi	mahlodi	sagdi
	wī/gī/sia	ridin	flugin	hulpin	brākin	sprākin	fōrin	wēldin	dōmdin	mahlodin	sagdin
Imperative	Singular	rīd	fliog	help	brek	sprek	far	wald	dōmi	mahlo	sage
	Plural	rīdađ	fliogađ	helpađ	brekađ	sprekađ	farađ	waldađ	dōmiađ	mahliođ	seggiađ
Present participle		rīdandi	fliogandi	helpandi	brekandi	sprekandi	farandi	waldandi	dōmiandi	mahlondi	seggiandi
Past participle		(gi)ridan	(gi)flogan	(gi)holpan	(gi)brokan	(gi)sprekan	(gi)faran	(gi)waldan	(gi)dōmid	(gi)mahlod	(gi)sagd

Old Saxon preterite-present verbs

Conjugation	Pronoun	'know how to'	'be able to'	'be obliged'	'to know'	'own'	'to avail'	'dare to do'	'to remember'	'to need'	'be allowed'	'allow'	'have use of'
Infinitives		kunnan	mugan	skulan	witan	ēgan	dugan	(gi-)durran	far-munan	thurƀan	mōtan	gi-unnan	*ginugan
Present Indicative
	ik	kan	mag, mah	skal	wēt	ēh	dōg, dōh	gidar	far-man	tharf	mōt	gi-an	ginah
	thū	kanst	maht	skalt	wēst	ēhst	*dōht	*(gi)darst	far-manst	tharft	mōst	gi-anst	*ginaht
	hē/it/siu	kan	mag, mah	skal	wēt	ēh	dōg, dōh	gidar	far-man	þearf	mōt	gi-an	ginah
	wī/gī/sia	kunnun	mugun	skulun	witun	ēgun	dugun	(gi)durrun	*far-munun	thurƀun	mōtun	*gi-unnun	*ginugun
Past Indicative
	ik	konsta	mohta	skolda	wissa	ēhta	dohta	(gi)dorsta	far-monsta	thorfta	mōsta	gi-onsta	*ginohta
	thū	konstes	mohtes	skoldes	wisses	ēhtes	*dohtes	*(gi)dorstes	*far-monstes	thorftes	mōstes	*gi-onstes	*ginohtes
	hē/it/siu	konsta	mohta	skolda	wissa	ēhta	dohta	(gi)dorsta	far-monsta	thorfta	mōsta	gi-onsta	*ginohta
	wī/gī/sia	konstun	mohtun	skoldun	wissun	ēhtun	*dohtun	(gi)dorstun	far-monstun	thorftun	mōstun	*gi-onstun	*ginohtun
Present subjunctive
	ik	kunni	mugi	skuli	witi	ēgi	dugi	*(gi)durri	far-muni	thurƀi	mōti	*gi-unni	*ginugi
	thū	kunnis	mugis	skulis	witis	ēgis	*dugis	*(gi)durris	*far-munis	thurƀis	mōtis	*gi-unnis	*ginugis
	hē/it/siu	kunni	mugi	skuli	witi	ēgi	dugi	*(gi)durri	far-muni	thurƀi	mōti	*gi-unni	*ginugi
	wī/gī/sia	kunnin	mugin	skulin	witin	ēgin	*dugin	*(gi)durrin	far-munin	thurƀin	mōtin	*gi-unnin	*ginugin
Past subjunctive
	ik	konsti	mohti	skoldi	wissi	ēhti	*dohti	gidorsti	far-monsti	thorfti	mōsti	*gi-onsti	*ginohti
	thū	konstis	mohtis	skoldis	wissis	ēhtis	*dohtis	*(gi)dorstis	*far-monstis	thorftis	mōstis	*gi-onstis	*ginohtis
	hē/it/siu	konsti	mohti	skoldi	wissi	ēhti	*dohti	gidorsti	far-monsti	thorfti	mōsti	*gi-onsti	*ginohti
	wī/gī/sia	konstin	mohtin	skoldin	wissin	ēhtin	*dohtin	gidorstin	*far-monstin	thorftin	mōstin	*gi-onstin	*ginohtin

[Forms above with asterisk (*) unattested.]

Anomalous verbs

Conjugation	Pronoun	'do'	'go'	'stand'	'will'
Infinitive	–	dōn	gān	stān	willian
Present indicative
	ik	dōm	gā	*stā	williu
	thū	dēs	gēs	stēs	wilt, wilis
	hē/it/siu	dēd	gēd	stēd	wili
	wī/gī/hīe	dōd	gād	stād	williad
Past indicative
	ik/hē/it/siu	deda	geng	stōd	welda
	thū	dedes	gengi	stōdi	weldes
	wī/gī/sia	dedun	gengun	stōdun	weldun
Present subjunctive
	ik/hē/it/siu	dō(e)	gā(e)	stā(e)	willie
	thū	dō(e)s	gā(e)	stā(e)s	willies
	wī/gī/sia	dō(e)n	gā(e)n	stā(e)n	willien
Past subjunctive
	ik/hē/it/siu	dedi	gengi	stōdi	weldi
	thū	dedis	gengis	stōdis	weldis
	wī/gī/sia	dedin	gengin	stōdin	weldin
Present participle		dōndi	gānde	stānde	willende
Past participle		(gi)dān	(gi)gangan	(gi)standan	—

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:

Conjugation	Pronoun	s-stem	b-stem	w-stem
Infinitive	–	sīn	*bion?	wesan
Present indicative
	ik	*em	bium	wisu
	thū	*art	bis(t)	wisis
	hē/it/siu	is(t)	*bid	wis(id)
	wī/gī/sia	sind(un)	*biod	wesad
Past indicative
	ik	–	–	was
	thū	–	–	wāri
	hē/it/siu	–	–	was
	wī/gī/sia	–	–	wārun
Present subjunctive
	ik/thū/hē/it/siu	sī(e)	–	wese
	wī/gī/sia	sī(e)n	–	wesen
Past subjunctive
	ik/thū/hē/it/siu	–	–	wāri
	wī/gī/sia	–	–	wārin
Imperative
	(singular)	–	–	wis, wes
	(plural)	–	–	wesađ
Present participle		–	–	wesandi
Past participle		–	–	(gi)wesan