Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-ākos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂- + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos. Cognate with Latin -ācus, -īcus, Ancient Greek -ακός (-akós), -ικός (-ikós), Proto-Germanic *-agaz, Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ, Sanskrit -कस (-kasa), -शस (-śasa).

Suffix

*-ākos

1. Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of "involved with, belonging to, having".

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākos	*-ākou	*-ākoi
vocative	*-āke	*-ākou	*-ākoi
accusative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākoms
genitive	*-ākī	*-ākous	*-ākom
dative	*-ākūi	*-ākobom	*-ākobos
instrumental	*-ākū	*-ākobim	*-ākobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākā	*-ākai	*-ākās
vocative	*-ākā	*-ākai	*-ākās
accusative	*-ākam	*-ākai	*-ākams
genitive	*-ākās	*-ākous	*-ākom
dative	*-ākai	*-ākābom	*-ākābos
instrumental	*?	*-ākābim	*-ākābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākā
vocative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākā
accusative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākā
genitive	*-ākī	*-ākous	*-ākom
dative	*-ākūi	*-ākobom	*-ākobos
instrumental	*-ākū	*-ākobim	*-ākobis

Derived terms

Proto-Celtic terms suffixed with *-ākos (adjective)

Descendants

• Old Irish: -ach
  • Middle Irish: -ach
    • Irish: -ach
    • Manx: -agh
    • Scottish Gaelic: -ach

Etymology 2

Substantivisation of the above adjective suffix. Functionally cognate with Proto-Slavic *-akъ.

Suffix

*-ākos m

1. Forms nouns indicating a person involved with, belonging to or having.

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākos	*-ākou	*-ākoi
vocative	*-āke	*-ākou	*-ākūs
accusative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākoms
genitive	*-ākī	*-ākous	*-ākom
dative	*-ākūi	*-ākobom	*-ākobos
locative	*-ākei	*?	*?
instrumental	*-ākū	*-ākobim	*-ākūis

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *-ọg
  • Old Breton: -oc
    • Middle Breton: -ec
      • Breton: -ek, -eg
  • Old Cornish: -oc
    • Middle Cornish: -ec
      • Cornish: -ek
  • Old Welsh: -auc
    • Middle Welsh: -awc, -awg
      • Welsh: -og
  • → Old Irish: -óc
    • Irish: -óg
    • Manx: -ag
    • Scottish Gaelic: -ag
• Old Irish: -ach
  • Middle Irish: -ach
    • Irish: -ach
    • Manx: -agh
    • Scottish Gaelic: -ach

Derived terms

Proto-Celtic terms suffixed with *-ākos (noun)