-ek

See also: ek, ek-, ék, -ék, Ek, EK, and ÉK

Basque

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ek

1. Ergative plural suffix.

   Txakurrek katuak jan dituzte. ― The dogs have eaten the cats.

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes
		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-k, -ek	-ak	-ek
dative		-ri, -i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-ren, -en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-rekin, -ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-rengatik, -engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-rentzat, -entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-z, -ez	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim.	-rengan, -engan	-arengan	-engan	-oengan
	inanim.	-tan, -etan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim.	―	―	―	―
	inanim.	-tako, -etako	-ko, -eko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim.	-rengana, -engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inanim.	-tara, -etara	-ra, -era	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim.	-renganaino, -enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inanim.	-taraino, -etaraino	-raino, -eraino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim.	-renganantz, -enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inanim.	-tarantz, -etarantz	-rantz, -erantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim.	-renganako, -enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inanim.	-tarako, -etarako	-rako, -erako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim.	-rengandik, -engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inanim.	-tatik, -etatik	-tik, -etik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-rik, -ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―
The forms shown first are used when the ending is a vowel, the ones after the comma when it is a consonant.

Etymology 2

From -e- (epenthetic vowel) +‎ -k (ergative suffix).

Suffix

-ek

1. Allomorphic post-consonantal form of -k (ergative indefinite suffix)

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes
		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-k, -ek	-ak	-ek
dative		-ri, -i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-ren, -en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-rekin, -ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-rengatik, -engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-rentzat, -entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-z, -ez	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim.	-rengan, -engan	-arengan	-engan	-oengan
	inanim.	-tan, -etan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim.	―	―	―	―
	inanim.	-tako, -etako	-ko, -eko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim.	-rengana, -engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inanim.	-tara, -etara	-ra, -era	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim.	-renganaino, -enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inanim.	-taraino, -etaraino	-raino, -eraino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim.	-renganantz, -enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inanim.	-tarantz, -etarantz	-rantz, -erantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim.	-renganako, -enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inanim.	-tarako, -etarako	-rako, -erako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim.	-rengandik, -engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inanim.	-tatik, -etatik	-tik, -etik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-rik, -ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―
The forms shown first are used when the ending is a vowel, the ones after the comma when it is a consonant.

Breton

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ek/

Suffix

-ek

1. Adjectival suffix

   ‎douar (“earth”) + ‎-ek → ‎douarek (“earthy, earthly”)

   ‎dour (“water”) + ‎-ek → ‎dourek (“watery, humid”)

   ‎houarn (“iron”) + ‎-ek → ‎houarnek (“ferrous”)

Derived terms

Breton terms suffixed with -ek

Related terms

• -eg

Cornish

Pronunciation

• (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [-ɛk]
• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [-ɐk]

Suffix

-ek

1. Adjectival suffix

   ‎mor (“sea”) + ‎-ek → ‎morek (“maritime”)

   ‎spern (“thorn bushes”) + ‎-ek → ‎spernek (“thorny”)

   ‎Frynk (“France”) + ‎-ek → ‎frynkek (“French”)

Derived terms

Cornish terms suffixed with -ek

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Suffix

-ek m

1. forms masculine diminutive nouns

   ‎stůl + ‎-ek → ‎stolek

Declension

inanimate declension:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ky
genitive	-ku	-ků
dative	-ku	-kům
accusative	-ek	-ky
vocative	-ku	-ky
locative	-ku	-cích
instrumental	-kem	-ky

animate declension:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ci, -kové
genitive	-ka	-ků
dative	-ku, -kovi	-kům
accusative	-ka	-ky
vocative	-ku	-ci, -kové
locative	-ku, -kovi	-cích
instrumental	-kem	-ky

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -ek

Further reading

• -ek in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛk]
• Rhymes: -ɛk

Etymology 1

-e- (linking vowel) +‎ -k (plural suffix)

Suffix

-ek

2. (plural suffix) -s, -es

   kert (“garden”) → kertek (“gardens”)

Usage notes

• (plural suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  nő (“woman”) →‎ nők (“women”)

  fa (“tree”) →‎ fák (“trees”)

  csésze (“cup”) →‎ csészék (“cups”)

  -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ház (“house”) →‎ házak (“houses”)

  -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  pad (“bench”) →‎ padok (“benches”)

  -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  kert (“garden”) →‎ kertek (“gardens”)

  könyv (“book”) →‎ könyvek (“books”)

  -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  kör (“circle”) →‎ körök (“circles”)

• Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
• The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
• If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).

Etymology 2

-e- (linking vowel) +‎ -k (personal suffix)

Suffix

-ek

2. (personal suffix) Used to form the first-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation).

   kér (“to ask”) → kérek (“I ask, I am asking”)

Usage notes

    Present tense indefinite – personal suffixes

Person		Back     vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-ok	-ek	-ök
	-ik verbs (optional)	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-sz
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-asz	-esz
	after s, sz, z, dz	-ol	-el	-öl
ő maga ön	3rd person singular	–
	-ik verbs	-ik
mi	1st person plural	-unk	-ünk
ti	2nd person plural	-tok	-tek	-tök
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-otok	-etek	-ötök
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural	-nak	-nek
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anak	-enek
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

• (personal suffix) Variants:

  -ok is added to back-vowel verbs

  -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

  -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs

  -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs

  -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Northern Kurdish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛk/

Suffix

-ek (Arabic spelling ـەک‎)

1. (affixed to words ending in a consonant) Alternative form of -yek (“a, an (indefinite article)”)

Polish

Alternative forms

• -ik, -yk (masculine)
• -ka (feminine)
• -ko (neuter)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛk/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛk
• Syllabification: ek

Suffix

-ek m

1. masculine diminutive noun suffix

   ‎dół + ‎-ek → ‎dołek

   ‎Jarosław + ‎-ek → ‎Jarek

Declension

Masculine personal:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-kowie / -ki
genitive	-ka	-ków
dative	-kowi	-kom
accusative	-ka	-ków
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ku	-kowie / -ki

Note: The masculine personal nominative plural ending -ki is rare and mostly limited to depreciative forms or humorous expressions such as bawidamek, gagatek, złodziejaszek, hultajek, psotniczek, łobuziaczek.

Masculine animate:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ki
genitive	-ka	-ków
dative	-kowi	-kom
accusative	-ka	-ki
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ku	-ki

Masculine inanimate:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ki
genitive	-ka / -ku	-ków
dative	-kowi	-kom
accusative	-ek	-ki
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ku	-ki

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ek

See also

• -ś (forming nicknames)

Further reading

• -ek in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• -ek in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-Croatian

Suffix

-ek (Cyrillic spelling -ек)

1. Suffix appended to the present stem of verbs or nouns to form an adjective denoting a feature or a dimension.

   • Proto-Slavic *dalь + -ek → dalek (“far”).

See also

• -ak
• -ok

Suffix

-ek (Cyrillic spelling -ек)

1. (Kajkavian) Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a performer, feature, human relation, result of an action, object, diminutive or a proper name.

Turkish

Alternative forms

• -ak

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ـك‎ (-ek), from Proto-Turkic *-gek.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ec/

Suffix

-ek

1. Creates nouns out of verbs.

   • küre- (“to shovel”) + -ek → kürek (“shovel”).
   • gevre- (“to become crisp”) + -ek → gevrek (“crisp”).

Derived terms

Turkish terms suffixed with -ek

Yup'ik

Suffix

-ek

1. ablative-modalis case ending

Usage notes

A historical merger of ablative and modalis (instrumental). It performs a wide range of adverbial and syntactic functions.