-ek

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ek"

Basque

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ek

1. Ergative plural suffix.

   Txakurrek katuak jan dituzte. ― The dogs have eaten the cats.

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes

		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-(e)k	-ak	-ek
dative		-(r)i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-(r)en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-(r)ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-(r)engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-(r)entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-(e)z	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim	-(r)engan	-arengan	-engan	-ongan
	inan	-(e)tan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim	―	―	―	―
	inan	-(e)tako	-(e)ko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim	-(r)engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inan	-(e)tara	-(e)ra	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim	-(r)enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inan	-(e)taraino	-(e)raino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim	-(r)enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inan	-(e)tarantz	-(e)rantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim	-(r)enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inan	-(e)tarako	-(e)rako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim	-(r)engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inan	-(e)tatik	-(e)tik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-(r)ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―

Etymology 2

From -e- (epenthetic vowel) +‎ -k (ergative suffix).

Suffix

-ek

1. Allomorphic post-consonantal form of -k (ergative indefinite suffix)

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes

		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-(e)k	-ak	-ek
dative		-(r)i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-(r)en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-(r)ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-(r)engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-(r)entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-(e)z	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim	-(r)engan	-arengan	-engan	-ongan
	inan	-(e)tan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim	―	―	―	―
	inan	-(e)tako	-(e)ko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim	-(r)engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inan	-(e)tara	-(e)ra	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim	-(r)enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inan	-(e)taraino	-(e)raino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim	-(r)enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inan	-(e)tarantz	-(e)rantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim	-(r)enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inan	-(e)tarako	-(e)rako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim	-(r)engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inan	-(e)tatik	-(e)tik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-(r)ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―

Breton

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ek/

Suffix

-ek

1. Adjectival suffix

   ‎douar (“earth”) + ‎-ek → ‎douarek (“earthy, earthly”)

   ‎dour (“water”) + ‎-ek → ‎dourek (“watery, humid”)

   ‎houarn (“iron”) + ‎-ek → ‎houarnek (“ferrous”)

Derived terms

Breton terms suffixed with -ek

atomek

barvek

brezhonek

divyezhek

douarek

dourek

froudennek

hollek

houarnek

izotopek

kevrinek

leonek

loaek

neutronek

pennek

silabennek

speredek

traezhek

Related terms

• -eg

Cornish

Etymology

Derived from Proto-Celtic *-ākos.

Pronunciation

• (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [-ɛk]
• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [-ɐk]

Suffix

-ek

1. Adjectival suffix

   ‎mor (“sea”) + ‎-ek → ‎morek (“maritime”)

   ‎spern (“thorn bushes”) + ‎-ek → ‎spernek (“thorny”)

   ‎Frynk (“France”) + ‎-ek → ‎frynkek (“French”)

2. Adjectival suffix denoting abundance

   ‎ys (“corn”) + ‎-ek → ‎ysek (“abounding in corn”)

   ‎pysk (“fish”) + ‎-ek → ‎pyskek (“abounding in fish”)

3. Adjectival suffix denoting prominence; "having big X"

   ‎lagas (“eye”) + ‎-ek → ‎lagasek (“big-eyed”)

   ‎troos (“foot”) + ‎-ek → ‎tròsek (“big-footed”)

   ‎skovarn (“ear”) + ‎-ek → ‎skovarnek (“big-eared”)

Suffix

-ek m (plural -ogyon or -oges)

1. Forms masculine nouns

   ‎kroghen (“skin”) + ‎-ek → ‎kronek (“toad”)

   ‎dren (“thorn”) + ‎-ek → ‎drenek (“spurdog”)

Suffix

-ek f (plural -egi)

1. Forms feminine nouns denoting a place where something is abundant

   ‎enys (“island”) + ‎-ek → ‎enesek (“archipelago”)

   ‎lytheren (“letter, character”) + ‎-ek → ‎lytherennek (“alphabet”)

   ‎pysk (“fish”) + ‎-ek → ‎pyskek (“fishing-ground”)

Suffix

-ek

1. Verbal ending

   ‎res (“race, course”) + ‎-ek → ‎resek (“to run, race”)

Derived terms

Cornish terms suffixed with -ek

abostolek

Almaynek

arghantinek

bahamek

bahrainek

bangladeshek

botswanek

degynsywek

devisyek

drenek

enesek

europek

fijiek

frenkek

Frenkek

frynkek

Frynkek

gallosek

ganowek

Godhalek

godhalek

golvanek

gwlanek

howlyek

isotopek

iwerdhonek

Iwerdhonek

kennek

krestennek

kronek

lostek

marghek

morek

palvek

rudhek

skovarnek

sowsnek

Sowsnek

spernek

stifek

togolesek

tonganek

trinidadiek

tunisiek

tuvaluek

ugandek

urugwayek

vanuatuek

venezwelek

vietnamek

wordhenek

Wordhenek

yemenek

References

• 2020, An Gerlyver Meur, ed. Dr Ken George (3rd edition, p.184)

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Suffix

-ek m inan or m anim (noun-forming suffix)

1. forms masculine diminutive nouns

   ‎stůl + ‎-ek → ‎stolek

Declension

inanimate:

Declension of -ek (velar masculine inanimate reducible)

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ky
genitive	-ku	-ků
dative	-ku	-kům
accusative	-ek	-ky
vocative	-ku	-ky
locative	-ku	-cích
instrumental	-kem	-ky

animate:

Declension of -ek (velar masculine animate reducible)

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ci
genitive	-ka	-ků
dative	-kovi, -ku	-kům
accusative	-ka	-ky
vocative	-ku	-ci
locative	-kovi, -ku	-cích
instrumental	-kem	-ky

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -ek

bachorek

báchorek

beránek

bezzemek

bělásek

bloček

Bolek

brousek

břichopásek

budníček

buřňáček

bůžek

cípek

čípek

čížek

článek

čmeláček

čpavek

čtvrtek

Davídek

dárek

dobytek

domeček

domek

doplněk

dostatek

drahoušek

Drábek

drápek

důlek

dvorek

fanoušek

Fornůsek

Havlíček

háček

hájek

hlaváček

holeček

holoubek

holubníček

houdek

hranolek

hrádeček

hrádek

hrnek

hříbek

hříšek

chlápek

Jakubek

Janek

jehelníček

jeřábek

jespáček

ježeček

ježek

Ježíšek

kadeřávek

kameníček

klíček

klouzek

knedlíček

kočárek

Koláček

kolárek

kolek

koloušek

koníček

kousek

koutek

kozáček

krček

krtek

křeček

křesťánek

křížek

kulíšek

lepek

levoboček

libohlásek

línek

lísteček

lososek

louskáček

lupínek

mazlíček

medvídek

měsíček

mladíček

mníšek

motýlek

mozeček

můstek

Mysliveček

nadbřišek

nadpažek

nazdárek

náhrobek

náhubek

náměstek

náramek

neurčitek

neználek

-níček

norek

obleček

obrázek

ocásek

oddenek

odlitek

odřezek

oharek

ohryzek

okolek

Ondrášek

oráček

orlíček

oříšek

pačesek

padělek

pahorek

pahrbek

pacholek

papírek

parchantek

párek

pátek

pejsek

plánek

plátek

počinek

počitek

podbřišek

podpatek

podvozek

pohlavek

polibek

políček

polštářek

poplatek

pozemek

poznatek

požadavek

prášek

prohřešek

prostředek

prosťáček

prožitek

prvek

předsudek

přestupek

připínáček

přídomek

případek

přípitek

příspěvek

přístěnek

přístřešek

přívěsek

přívlastek

Ptáček

raneček

rezohlávek

roček

rozsudek

Rožánek

rváček

řebříček

řízek

sáňky

sedmihlásek

sešítek

sirotek

sklípek

skřivánek

skutek

sládek

slitek

sloupek

slovníček

snímek

sokolíček

souček

spánek

spolek

stoleček

stolek

stroječek

strojek

stromeček

stromek

strýček

střevíček

svazek

svátek

svitek

synek

sýček

šašek

Šimek

škopek

Further reading

• -ek in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛk]
• Rhymes: -ɛk

Etymology 1

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -k (plural suffix).

Suffix

-ek

2. (plural suffix) -s, -es

   ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)

Usage notes

• (plural suffix) Variants:

  -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  ‎nő (“woman”) + ‎-k → ‎nők (“women”)

  ‎fa (“tree”) + ‎-k → ‎fák (“trees”)

  ‎csésze (“cup”) + ‎-k → ‎csészék (“cups”)

  -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-ak → ‎házak (“houses”)

  -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎pad (“bench”) + ‎-ok → ‎padok (“benches”)

  -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)

  ‎könyv (“book”) + ‎-ek → ‎könyvek (“books”)

  -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kör (“circle”) + ‎-ök → ‎körök (“circles”)

• Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
• The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
• If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).

Etymology 2

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -k (personal suffix).

Suffix

-ek

2. (personal suffix) Forms the first-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation).

   ‎kér (“to ask, request”) + ‎-ek → ‎kérek (“I ask, I am asking”)

   Engedélyt kérek a távozásra. ― I request permission to leave.

Usage notes

    Present tense indefinite – personal suffixes

Person		Back     vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-ok	-ek	-ök
	-ik verbs (optional)	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-sz
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-asz	-esz
	after s, sz, z, dz	-ol	-el	-öl
ő maga ön	3rd person singular	–
	-ik verbs	-ik
mi	1st person plural	-unk	-ünk
ti	2nd person plural	-tok	-tek	-tök
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-otok	-etek	-ötök
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural	-nak	-nek
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anak	-enek
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

• (personal suffix) Variants:

  -ok is added to back-vowel verbs

  -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

  -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs

  -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs

  -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Mokilese

Suffix

-ek

1. Used to form intransitive verbs

Usage notes

This suffix sometimes becomes -iek after a vowel.

Derived terms

Mokilese terms suffixed with -ek

awalek

diarek

jaladek

jarek

karroahk

kidimek

kilelehk

kurujek

mweidek

nihdek

nikidek

peidek

pwujiek

rapwijek

ukudek

wadek

wilikek

Northern Kurdish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛk/

Suffix

-ek (Arabic spelling ـەک)

1. (affixed to words ending in a consonant) Alternative form of -yek (“a, an (indefinite article)”)

Northern Ohlone

Alternative forms

• -k (before vowels)

Etymology

Cognate with Southern Ohlone kan-.

Pronoun

-ek

1. I (first-person, singular, subject enclitic pronoun)

See also

Northern Ohlone personal pronouns

	person	subject			object			possessive
		disjunctive1	proclitic	enclitic	disjunctive1	proclitic	enclitic
singular	first	kaana	ek-	-ek, -k	kiš, kaaniš	kiš-	-kiš	ek-, kaanak
	second	meene	em-, im-	-em, -im, -m	miš	emiš-, imiš-, miš-	-miš	em-, meenem
	third	waaka	Ø-2	-Ø2	wiš	Ø-2, eš-	-Ø2, -eš	i-, waakai-
plural	first	makkin	mak-	-mak	makkiš, makkinše	—	—	mak-, makkinmak
	second	makkam	kam-	-kam	makkamše	—	—	kam-, makkam
	third	waakamak	ya-	-ya	yaṭiš	—	—	ya-, waakamak

¹ Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek).
² Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used.
Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine and undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek

References

• María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎^[1], Unpublished

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-kos

Proto-Slavic *-kъ

Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ

Polish -ek

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛk/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛk
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

Suffix

-ek m

1. masculine diminutive noun suffix

   ‎dół + ‎-ek → ‎dołek

   ‎Jarosław + ‎-ek → ‎Jarek

Declension

Masculine personal:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-kowie / -ki
genitive	-ka	-ków
dative	-kowi	-kom
accusative	-ka	-ków
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ku	-kowie / -ki

Note: The masculine personal nominative plural ending -ki is rare and mostly limited to depreciative forms or humorous expressions such as bawidamek, gagatek, złodziejaszek, hultajek, psotniczek, łobuziaczek.

Masculine animate:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ki
genitive	-ka	-ków
dative	-kowi	-kom
accusative	-ka	-ki
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ku	-ki

Masculine inanimate:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ki
genitive	-ka / -ku	-ków
dative	-kowi	-kom
accusative	-ek	-ki
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ku	-ki

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ek

abażurek

abelek

ablegierek

acetylenek

achtelek

Adamek

adapterek

Adasiek

aksamitek

akumulatorek

aminek

amomek

amorek

ancymonek

animek

aniołeczek

aniołek

antałeczek

Antek

antymonek

anyżek

arsenek

-aszek

atłasek

autorek

azotek

azydek

ażurek

bacherek

bachorek

bachurek

baczek

badianek

badylek

Bajorek

balasek

Balcerek

baldaszek

baliczek

balonek

bałwanek

bamboszek

baniaczek

baraczek

baraneczek

baranek

barek

baronek

Bartek

batożek

bawidamek

bazarek

bąbelek

bączek

beczek

Bednarek

befsztyczek

beniaminek

berlaczek

bezlotek

bębenek

białek

bicek

biedaczek

bielinek

bimberek

Bisztynek

bliźniaczek

bloczek

blondasek

blondynek

bławatek

błazenek

błękitek

błyszczek

bobasek

bobek

bocheneczek

Bochenek

bochenek

bocianek

bociek

boczek

bodiaczek

bogatek

bohomazek

borek

borki

botek

bożek

bratek

Braunek

breloczek

brifkorz

browek

brożek

brzeżek

brzęczek

brzuszek

bubek

buciczek

buczek

buduarek

budyneczek

buraczek

burek

Burek

bursztynek

buziaczek

byczek

bygielek

Bzdek

całusek

cedziłek

charakterek

cherek

cherubinek

chlebaczek

chlebek

chlorek

chłodek

chodaczek

chodniczek

chomiczek

chórek

chrobotek

chrupek

chujek

chytrusek

cielaczek

ciemnolubek

cierniczek

ciężarek

ciuszek

cołnek

cudaczek

cukiereczek

cukierek

cwaniaczek

cybuszek

cycek

Cyganek

cyganek

cyjanek

cymbałki

cytrynek

czajniczek

Czarek

czebrotek

człowieczek

czopek

czosnaczek

czternastolatek

czterolatek

czubek

czułek

czwartek

Czwartek

czworaczek

czyścioszek

ćwiliszek

Darek

daszek

dąbek

dekielek

delfinek

deserek

dębek

diabełek

diasek

dłubek

dobitek

doczynek

doglądek

dojadek

doktorek

dołeczek

dołek

domeczek

domek

dopisek

dorobek

dowcipek

draszek

drążek

drobniaczek

Drozdek

drybinek

dudek

dupek

duszek

dworek

dwudziestolatek

dwulatek

dwunastolatek

dwutlenek

dymek

dyszelek

dzbaneczek

dzbanek

See also

• -ś (forming nicknames)

Further reading

• -ek in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-Croatian

Suffix

-ek (Cyrillic spelling -ек)

1. Suffix appended to the present stem of verbs or nouns to form an adjective denoting a feature or a dimension.
   • Proto-Slavic *dalь + -ek → dalek (“far”).

See also

• -ak
• -ok

Suffix

-ek (Cyrillic spelling -ек)

1. (Kajkavian) Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a performer, feature, human relation, result of an action, object, diminutive or a proper name.

Turkish

Alternative forms

• -ak

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـك (-ek), from Proto-Turkic *-gek.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ec/

Suffix

-ek

1. Creates nouns out of verbs.
   • küre- (“to shovel”) + -ek → kürek (“shovel”).
   • gevre- (“to become crisp”) + -ek → gevrek (“crisp”).

Derived terms

Turkish terms suffixed with -ek

dirsek

elek

işlek

kaynak

kürek

tarak

Yup'ik

Suffix

-ek

1. ablative-modalis case ending

Usage notes

A historical merger of ablative and modalis (instrumental). It performs a wide range of adverbial and syntactic functions.