Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrōpaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

Probably from the same root as Ancient Greek κόραξ (kórax), Latin corvus (“raven”), Lithuanian šárka (“magpie”) in the sense of "caw".

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈxrɔː.pɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*hrōpaną^[1]^[2]

to cry out, call, shout

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *hrōpaną (strong class 7e)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hrōpō	*hrōpaų	—	*hrōpai	?
2nd singular	*hrōpizi	*hrōpaiz	*hrōp	*hrōpazai	*hrōpaizau
3rd singular	*hrōpidi	*hrōpai	*hrōpadau	*hrōpadai	*hrōpaidau
1st dual	*hrōpōz	*hrōpaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hrōpadiz	*hrōpaidiz	*hrōpadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hrōpamaz	*hrōpaim	—	*hrōpandai	*hrōpaindau
2nd plural	*hrōpid	*hrōpaid	*hrōpid	*hrōpandai	*hrōpaindau
3rd plural	*hrōpandi	*hrōpain	*hrōpandau	*hrōpandai	*hrōpaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hehrōp	*hehrōpį̄
2nd singular	*hehrōft	*hehrōpīz
3rd singular	*hehrōp	*hehrōpī
1st dual	*hehrōpū	*hehrōpīw
2nd dual	*hehrōpudiz	*hehrōpīdiz
1st plural	*hehrōpum	*hehrōpīm
2nd plural	*hehrōpud	*hehrōpīd
3rd plural	*hehrōpun	*hehrōpīn

	present	past
participles	*hrōpandz	*hrōpanaz

Related terms edit

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōpan
- Old English: hrōpan
  - Middle English: ropen, rope, roupe, rupe
    - English: roop, roup
    - Scots: roup; croup
      - → English: croup
        → Dutch: kroep
        → French: croup
- Old Frisian: hrōpa
  - Saterland Frisian: ropa
    - Saterland Frisian: roupe
  - West Frisian: roppe
- Old Saxon: hrōpan
  - Middle Low German: rôpen
    - German Low German: ropen
- Old Dutch: ruopan
  - Middle Dutch: roepen
    - Dutch: roepen (see there for further descendants)
    - Limburgish: rope
- Old High German: ruofan, hruofan
  - Middle High German: ruofen
    - Bavarian: ruafn
    - Central Franconian: rofe
    - German: rufen
    - Luxembourgish: ruffen
    - Yiddish: רופֿן (rufn)
Old Norse: hrópa
- Icelandic: hrópa
- Faroese: rópa
- Norwegian: rope
- Old Swedish: rōpa
  - Swedish: ropa
- Danish: råbe

References edit

^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*xrōpanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 188
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrōpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 249

[1] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*xrōpanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 188

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrōpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 249

[1]

[2]