Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaþjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *skh₁tH-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁t- (“damage, harm”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀσκηθής (askēthḗs, “intact, safe, sound”, literally “without damage”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskɑθ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skaþjaną

1. to mar; damage
2. to injure; hurt

Inflection

Conjugation of *skaþjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skaþjō	*skaþjaų	—	*skaþjai	?
2nd singular	*skaþisi	*skaþjais	*skaþi	*skaþjasai	*skaþjaisau
3rd singular	*skaþiþi	*skaþjai	*skaþjaþau	*skaþjaþai	*skaþjaiþau
1st dual	*skaþjōs	*skaþjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skaþjaþiz	*skaþjaiþiz	*skaþjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*skaþjamaz	*skaþjaim	—	*skaþjanþai	*skaþjainþau
2nd plural	*skaþiþ	*skaþjaiþ	*skaþiþ	*skaþjanþai	*skaþjainþau
3rd plural	*skaþjanþi	*skaþjain	*skaþjanþau	*skaþjanþai	*skaþjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skōd	*skōdį̄
2nd singular	*skōst	*skōdīz
3rd singular	*skōd	*skōdī
1st dual	*skōdū	*skōdīw
2nd dual	*skōdudiz	*skōdīdiz
1st plural	*skōdum	*skōdīm
2nd plural	*skōdud	*skōdīd
3rd plural	*skōdun	*skōdīn
	present	past
participles	*skaþjandz	*skadanaz

Related terms

• *skaþô
• *skaþōną
• *skōdą
• *skōdiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *skaþþjan
  • Old English: sċeþþan, sċieþþan
    • Middle English: sceþþen
• Old Norse: skeðja
  • Icelandic: skeðja
  • ⇒ Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: skade
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: skade, ska (short form), skada (long form with a or cleft infinitive)
  • ⇒ Swedish: oskadd (“unscathed”)
  • ⇒ Danish: uskadt (“unscathed”)
• Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skaþjan)