Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂et-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

*h₂et-^[1]

grass

Descendants

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Tocharian: *ātŭyā
  - Tocharian A: āti
  - Tocharian B: atiyo
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: atãls
  - Lithuanian: atolas
  - Old Prussian: attolis
  - Proto-Slavic: *otava (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “atiyo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 9-10

Etymology 2

Alternative reconstructions

*át^[1]

Root

*h₂et-^[2]

but, yet^[1]

Notes

According to de Vaan, the similarity of shape and meaning between this root and *éti makes it difficult to assign undoubtedly most descendants to either one or the other. But Dunkel points out that *éti has a local “from there” and intensifying “exceedingly” meaning, while *át is contrastive “but” and affirming “indeed > furthermore”.

Furthermore, Hittite [Term?] (/⁠addu⁠/, “but, furthermore”) suggests that *át is the correct form, as *h₂ would have been preserved in Hittite.

Descendants

Avestan: 𐬀𐬝 (at̰)^[1]

Derived terms

*h₂ét-i (“back, again, away”) (perhaps)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati^[1]
  - Latvian: at-
  - Lithuanian: ati- (“back, again, away”)
  - Old Prussian: et-, at-
  - Proto-Slavic: *otъ (“away, again”)
- Proto-Celtic: *ati- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ati^[2]
  - Latin: at (or from *h₂et-h₂o)
  - Venetic: ati-
- ⇒? Proto-Tocharian: (or directly from *h₂ét)
  - Tocharian B: at (“away”)
- ⇒ *h₂etō^[3]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *atō
    - Lithuanian: ato- (“back, away”)
  - >? Proto-Tocharian: *āté (or from *h₂et-o-)
    - Tocharian B: ate (“away”)
*h₂et-dʰe (locative adverbial ending)^[1]
- Latin: ast (“but if, but, and then”)
*h₂et-h₂o/*át-h₂u (“but, in addition”) (adverbial compound)^[1]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠addu⁠/, “but, furthermore”)
- >? Proto-Celtic:
  - Celtiberian: ata (“but, furthermore”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *átHa (“but, come!, in that case, then”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अथ (átha, “but, then”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬁 (aθā)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬀 (aθa)
- >? Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: at (“but; whereas; moreover”)^[1] (or from *h₂et-i)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - >? Tocharian B: ot (“then”)^[4]

Unsorted formations

Ancient Greek: ἀτ(άρ) (at(ár)) (perhaps)
Gothic: 𐌰𐌸(𐌸𐌰𐌽) (aþþan, “then, but, indeed”)^[1]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 87-93
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “at”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 59
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ate”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 10
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ot”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 120

[1] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “atiyo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 9-10

[lipp-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 87-93

[EDL-3] 2.0 ^2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “at”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 59

[4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ate”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 10

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ot”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 120

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