Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/otъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ati (as a prefix: *at-), probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óti, o-grade variant of *h₁éti (“beyond, further; also”), or alternatively from *h₂éti (“but”). Cognate with Lithuanian at- (“back, away”), Latvian at- (“back away”), Old Prussian at-, et- (“back, away”) (the latter from an apparent variant *et-).

Preposition

*otъ

1. (with genitive) from, away from
2. (with genitive) originating from, starting from (a place or time), since
3. (with genitive) of, made of, consisting of
4. (with genitive) out of (a selection)
5. (with genitive) by (in passive; by the action of)

Usage notes

All modern Slavic languages except Polabian, Russian, Sorbian and Bulgarian have generalized ot to od, which is the statistically more prevalent form due to word sandhi (i.e. before vowels, sonorants and voiced consonants), and which was reanalyzed as the basic, normal form.

Synonyms

• *jьz
• *vy-

Antonyms

• *do
• *kъ(n)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: отъ (otŭ), ѿ (otŭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: отъ (ot), ото (oto)
      • Belarusian: ад (ad), ада (ada)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: вуд (vud)
      • Ukrainian: від (vid)
    • Russian: от (ot), ото (oto)
  • Old Novgorodian: ѿ (otŭ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: отъ (otŭ)

    Old Cyrillic script: отъ (otŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⱁⱅⱏ (otŭ)

  • Bulgarian: от (ot)
  • Macedonian: од (od)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: о̏д

    Latin script: ȍd

  • Slovene: od (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: ot
    • Czech: od
  • Old Polish: od, hod, hot, ode, ot, ote
    • Polish: od
    • Silesian: ôd
  • Slovak: od, odo
  • Polabian: vit
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: òd, òde
    • Slovincian: wôd
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: wot, wote
    • Lower Sorbian: wót, wóte

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “от”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., Duridanov, I. V., editors (1995), “от”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 4 (мѝнго² – па̀дам), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 952

Etymology 2

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *áta, from Proto-Indo-European *átta (“father”). Baby-talk word.

Cognates include Albanian atë, Ancient Greek ἄττα (átta), Hittite 𒀜𒋫𒀸 (attaš, “father”), Latin atta, Proto-Germanic *attô (whence Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta), Old High German atto), Proto-Celtic *attyos (whence Old Irish aite), Ossetian ӕда (æda, “grandfather”).

Similarly sounding words are also attested in Proto-Turkic *ata (“father; ancestor”) and Proto-Uralic *attɜ (“father, grandfather”).

Noun

*òtъ m

1. father

   Synonyms: *bata, *tata

Alternative reconstructions

• *ota

Declension

Declension of *òtъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*òtъ	*otà	*otì
genitive	*otà	*otù	*òtъ
dative	*otù	*otòma	*otòmъ
accusative	*òtъ	*otà	*otỳ
instrumental	*otъ̀mь, *otòmь*	*otòma	*òty
locative	*otě̀	*otù	*òtěxъ
vocative	*ote	*otà	*otì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Related terms

• *tata (“dad, daddy”)

Derived terms

• *otьnь / *otьnъ (“fatherly”) (< *òtъ + *-ьnъ)
  • *bezotьnъ
  • *otьnina
• *otь̀cь (“father”) (< *otь̀kъ < *òtъ + *-ь̀kъ)
  • *otьcevъ
    • *otьcevьskъ
    • *otьcevьstvo
  • *otьčičь
  • *otьčina (“paternal household”)
  • *otьčizna, *otьčiznь
    • *otьčinьnъ
    • *otьčinъ
  • *otьčjь
  • *otьčunъ
  • *otьčuxъ
• *otь̀čь (“fatherly”) (< *otь̀kjь < *otь̀kъ + *-jь < *òtъ + *-ьkъ)
  • *otьčevъ (“paternal”)
  • *otьčьnъ (“fatherly”)
  • *otьčьskъ (“patriotic”)
  • *otьčìmъ (“fatherly figure”)
    • *otьčimьskъ
    • *otьčimovъ
  • *otь̀čьstvo (“fatherland”)

Descendants

• West Slavic:
  • Kashubian: óta (“grandma”)