Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/háčaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sékʷ-eh₂, from *sekʷ- (“to follow”).

Adverb

*háčaH

1. outward, away

Descendants

• Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬗𐬁 (hacā)
  • Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬗𐬀 (haca)

Preposition

*háčaH

1. of, from

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬗𐬁 (hacā)
    • Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬗𐬀 (haca)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Scythian:
    • Ossetian: (“out him, from him, in him”)

      Digor Ossetian: дзи (ʒi)

      Iron Ossetian: дзы (ʒy)

  • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
    • Khotanese: [script needed] (jsa)
    • Tumshuqese: [script needed] (tsi)
    • Wakhi: cə (“of, from; due to; via; about”)
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Bactrian: (/⁠as⁠/, “of”)

      Greek script: ασο (aso)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘 (ʾs)

    • Khwarezmian: څی (cy /⁠cē⁠/), څا (cʾ /⁠cā⁠/)
    • Proto-Sogdic:
      • Sogdian: (/⁠ač; ačann; čann⁠/) (>*hača; >*hača-awana)

        Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫗𐫗 (cnn)

        Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼿𐼻 (ʾcn)

        Syriac script: ܐܨ (ʾc), ܨܢܢ (cnn)

      • Yagnobi: ҷе (če), ҷи (či)
• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
    • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (cь)
    • Sanglechi: [script needed] (cə)
  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
    • Proto-Munji-Yidgha: [Term?] (“of”)
      • Munji: [script needed] (žə)
      • Yidgha: [script needed] (že), [script needed] (žo), [script needed] (žə)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
      • Sarikoli: az
      • Shughni:

        Bartangi, Roshani, Khufi, Khughni: ас (as)

        Bartangi, Roshani, Khughni: аз (az)

• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi:

    Eastern Balochi: اش (aš), ئەژ (až)

    Western Balochi: اش (aš), اچ (ač)

  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: ژِ (ji)

    Northern Kurdish: ji

    Southern Kurdish: ژە (je), ئەژ (ej)

    Laki: ئەژ (ej, “from”)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian: *háčā
    • Old Median: *háčā
      • Mazanderani-Shahmirzadi:
        • Old Mazanderani: اج (aǰ)
          • Mazanderani: از (az), اج (aǰ)
        • Shahmirzadi: از (äz)
      • Semnani: ئەژ (až)
      • Tatic:
        • Old Tati:

          Old Azari: اژ (až), اج (aǰ), جه (ǰa)

        • Talysh: çi
    • Parthian: (/⁠až⁠/, “of, from, with”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫝 (ʾc), 𐫀𐫊 (ʾž)

      Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭌𐭍 (mn)

    • Zaza-Gurani:
      • Gurani: جە (ǰa)
        • → Central Kurdish: جە (ce)
      • Zazaki: ci, zi
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Southwestern Fars:

    Burenjani, Papuni: از (äz), ا (ä)

    Masarmi: از (äz)

  • Larestani: هز (haz, hez)
  • Old Persian: 𐏃𐎨𐎠 (h-c-a /⁠hačā⁠/)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠(early) hač, (late) az⁠/, “of, from, with”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫝 (ʾc), 𐫀𐫉 (ʾz)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (MN), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hc)

      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭭 (mn)

      Psalter Pahlavi script: [Psalter Pahlavi needed] (MN)

      Pazend script: 𐬆𐬗 (əc)

      • Bakhtiari: از (äz), [script needed] (zi), زه (ze)
      • Northern Luri:

        Nahavandi: از (äz)

        Balagarive: داْ (de)

      • Southern Luri: از (äz), ا (ä)
      • Classical Persian: از (az)

        Dari: از (az)

        Iranian Persian: از (äz)

        Tajik: аз (az)

        Judeo-Tat: əz

        Tat: ا (ä), از (äz)

      • → Gilaki: از (äz)
      • → Proto-Komisenian:
        • Sorkhei: از (äz)
        • Lasgerdi: از (az)
        • Sangisari: از (äz)
      • → Middle Median:
        • Kermanic: (“of, from, with”)

          Farizandi, Gazi, Kafroni, Kesehi, Sedehi, Vonishuni, Qohrudi, Zefrehi: äz

          Khunsari: ez

        • → Sivandi: äz, ä
      • → Parachi: az