ci
English edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Mandarin 詞/词 (cí).
Noun edit
ci (uncountable)
- One of the Classical Chinese poetry forms
Anagrams edit
Aka (Central Africa) edit
Noun edit
ci
Further reading edit
- Marvin Lionel Bender, Topics in Nilo-Saharan linguistics (1989) (cí, cì)
- [1] (ɕi)
Balinese edit
Romanization edit
ci
- Romanization of ᬘᬶ
Bambara edit
Etymology 1 edit
Noun edit
cí
- thatch, especially of the species Diheteropogon grandiflorus
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
cí
- commission, errand
- message, order
- mission, task, assignment
- ò cí bɛ́ í kàn
- it is your duty
- work, labor (especially agricultural)
- cí kɛ́
- to work in the fields
- usefulness, utility
- cí tɛ́ nìn ná
- that's useless
Verb edit
cí
Etymology 3 edit
Verb edit
cì
- to hit
- fíyɛn bɛ́ cì
- the wind is blowing
- fàli cì
- to hit an donkey
- to break
- à y'á kùn cì
- He knocked him unconscious
- to destroy
- to split, divide, cut
- dɔ́gɔ cì
- to split wood
- to burst, explode with a loud noise
- màrifa cì
- to fire off a round (with a gun)
- to trace, tattoo
- bála cì
- to plot an area of a field to be hoed
- tùgu cì
- to vaccinate in the arm
Noun edit
cì
Corsican edit
Etymology edit
Ultimately from either Latin hīc (“here”) or hinc (“from here”). Akin to Italian ci; see there for more. Compare Sicilian cci.
Adverb edit
ci
Pronoun edit
ci
- us (both direct and indirect object)
See also edit
References edit
Dalmatian edit
Etymology edit
From Latin quem. Compare Portuguese quem, Romanian cine, Spanish quien, Romansch che, Sardinian chíne.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
ci
Dhimal edit
Noun edit
ci
Further reading edit
- John T. King, A Grammar of Dhimal
Esperanto edit
Etymology edit
From Italian or French tu, Russian ты (ty), etc., plus the i of personal pronouns.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
ci (accusative cin, possessive cia)
- (rare) thou, you (second-person informal singular pronoun)
- 1905, Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhof, Fundamento de Esperanto:
- Mi legas. — Ci skribas (anstataŭ “ci” oni uzas ordinare “vi”).
- I read. — Thou writest (instead of “ci” one ordinarily uses “vi”.)
- 1899, Felikso Zamenhof, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
- Ekamis la konato / Kaj reciproke ŝi; / Post paso de monato / Ŝanĝiĝis »Vi« per »ci«.
- Her acquaintance fell in love / and reciprocally she; / after the passage of a month / "You" changed into "thee".
- 1907, Henri Vallienne, Kastelo de Prelongo, ch. 6:
- Cia sintenado estos vere fiera, li moke murmuretis en ŝian orelon, kiam ci estos vekinta la tutan loĝantaron.
- Thine attitude shall be truly proud, he mockingly whispered into her ear, when thou shalt have awakened the whole population.
Usage notes edit
Some people believe that this word was used in the past and then became archaic, but this is not true. Actually, this word has never been in common usage; Zamenhof advised against using 'ci' as early as the Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia, published in 1888. Many Esperantists don't even understand it. Some authors have used 'ci' to portray archaic language, for translations, and for stylistic effects. This usage is criticized by other writers.
- Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia; Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Lingvaj Respondoj; Bertilo Wennergren, Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko (PMEG); Bernard Golden, La Gazeto #11, June 15, 1987; Zlatko Tisjlar, Frekvencmorfemaro de Parolata Esperanto.
French edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Late Latin ecce hīc.
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
ci
Derived terms edit
References edit
- “ci”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Hausa edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Chadic, ultimately from Proto-Afroasiatic *taʔ- (“to eat, especially something soft, to close lips, especially loosely”). Compare Akkadian 𒋫𒀪𒌑 (ta-ʔu-u2 /ta'u/, “to eat”), Mehri tewō (“eat”), Arabic تَأْتَأَ (taʔtaʔa, “to stammer, to stutter, to reduplicate sounds, to mumble or move lips”), and with varying Berber forms Tamahaq ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Tarifit ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Central Atlas Tamazight ⵜⵛ (tc), and Kabyle teṭṭ (pharyngeal-coloring found as well in the Arabic variant تَعْتَعَ (taʕtaʕa), and in that sense possible further connections to طَعِمَ (ṭaʕima, “to taste”) and عَضَّ (ʕaḍḍa, “to bite”)).
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
ci (grade Ø)
Ido edit
Pronunciation edit
Determiner edit
ci
- Alternative form of ici (“these”)
Pronoun edit
ci
- Alternative form of ici (“these”)
Indonesian edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Xiamen Hokkien 錢/钱 (chîⁿ, “mace”).
Noun edit
ci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
- (obsolete) weight unit: 1/10 tahil (for opium).
Etymology 2 edit
From Sundanese ᮎᮤ (ci), ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wahiʀ.
Noun edit
ci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
- river (large stream which drains a landmass)
Synonyms edit
Etymology 3 edit
Noun edit
ci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
Further reading edit
- “ci” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua edit
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
ci
- here (at this place)
Italian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Latin cē (the name of the letter C).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
ci f (invariable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter C.; cee
See also edit
- (Latin-script letter names) lettera; a, bi, ci, di, e, effe, gi, acca, i, gei / i lunga, cappa, elle, emme, enne, o, pi, cu, erre, esse, ti, u, vu / vi, doppia vu, ics, ipsilon / i greca, zeta
Further reading edit
- ci2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Etymology 2 edit
Uncertain. Rohlfs[1] and Von Wartburg[2] favoured/favored Late Latin ecce hīc. Maiden[3] casts doubt on this etymology, pointing out that Italian ci is an unstressed 'weak' form, while Latin hic otherwise survives in Italian only in stressed forms (reinforced by Latin ecce or eccum) such as ciò, qua, and qui. (It should also be noted that all of the latter trigger syntactic doubling in a following word, thanks to their original final /k/, while ci does not.)[4] Maiden proposes instead an origin in Latin hince, variant of hinc (“hence, from here”), pointing out that in parts of southern Italy there exists a 1PL pronoun 'nci (cf. also 'nce). Treccani,[5] on the other hand, proposes an origin in Latin hīce, a variant of hīc (“here”). In any case, the Italian term is certainly cognate with Neapolitan ce, Sicilian cci and Sassarese zi, all three of which share similar adverbial senses, with the latter two also having pronominal senses.
Alternative forms edit
- -ci (enclitic)
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
ci
- us
- Loro ci conoscono ― They know us
- (reflexive) ourselves; each other
- Ci arrabbiamo ― We (ourselves) get angry
- Ci amiamo ― We love each other
- to us
- Lui ci ha detto questo ― He said this to us
- replaces the indefinite personal pronoun si (“one”) before reflexive si (“oneself”); one
- Ci si lava. ― One washes oneself.
- Ci si annoia quando non c'è niente da fare.
- One gets bored when there is nothing to do.
- it, to it
- Non ci credo. ― I do not believe it.
Usage notes edit
See also edit
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Conjunctive | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | first | — | io | mi, m', -mi | me | me | — | |||
second | — | tu | ti, t', -ti | te | te | |||||
third | m | lui | si2, s', -si | lo, l', -lo | gli, -gli | glie, se2 | lui, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
f | lei, Lei1 | la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1 | le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1 | lei, Lei1, sé | ||||||
Plural | first | — | noi | ci, c', -ci | ce | noi | — | |||
second | — | voi, Voi4 | vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4 | ve | voi, Voi4 | |||||
third | m | loro, Loro1 | si, s', -si | li, Li1, -li, -Li1 | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro1 |
glie, se | loro, Loro1, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
f | le, Le1, -le, -Le1 | |||||||||
1 | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | |||||||||
2 | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | |||||||||
3 | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | |||||||||
4 | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). |
Adverb edit
ci
- to there, here, there
- Synonym: vi (formal)
- Ci sono andato ― I have been there
- Ci siamo ― We're here
- Ci sono molte cose ― There are many things
- C'è un problema ― There is a problem
- forms part of many verbs:
- volerci ― to require/take
- abituarci ― to get used to it
- riuscirci ― to be able to do it
- entrarci ― to do with something
- contarci ― to count on it
- pensarci ― to think about it
- starci ― to agree / to be up for something
- farcela ― to manage to do something
- crederci ― to believe it
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1969. Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti, vol. 3: Sintassi e formazione delle parole. Torino: Einaudi. §899.
- ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “hīc”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 4: G H I, page 425
- ^ Maiden, Martin. 1995. A linguistic history of Italian. London: Longman. §9.1.1.
- ^ ci in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
- ^ ci1 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Etymology 3 edit
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
ci m (uncountable)
Further reading edit
Kangjia edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Mongolic *ci, compare Mongolian чи (či), Dongxiang chi.
Pronoun edit
ci
Kanuri edit
Noun edit
ci
Latin edit
Verb edit
cī
Malay edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
ci (Jawi spelling چي, plural ci-ci, informal 1st possessive ciku, 2nd possessive cimu, 3rd possessive cinya)
- river (large stream which drains a landmass)
Synonyms edit
Further reading edit
- “ci” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Mandarin edit
Romanization edit
ci
- Nonstandard spelling of cī.
- Nonstandard spelling of cí.
- Nonstandard spelling of cǐ.
- Nonstandard spelling of cì.
Usage notes edit
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Noone edit
Verb edit
ci
Synonyms edit
References edit
- R. Blench, Beboid Comparative
Nupe edit
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
ci
- Used to order actions temporally: then; and
- Musa à bá nakàn yínna, Gàná ci à gí eci yínna ― Musa will cut meat today, and Gana will eat yam today
Usage notes edit
- ci is solely used to join verbs/sentences and not nouns, for which tò is used. Additionally, when ci is used, the subject of each verb must be specified.
See also edit
Old French edit
Etymology edit
From Late Latin ecce hīc.
Adverb edit
ci
- here (in this place)
- c. 1250, Marie de France, Guigemar:
- Va t'en de ci ! Lai me aveir pes.
- Go, leave this place! Let me have peace.
Descendants edit
Old Irish edit
Pronoun edit
ci
- Alternative form of cía
Conjunction edit
ci
- Alternative form of cía
Polish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Alternative forms edit
- (stressed) tobie
Etymology 2 edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ti.
Pronoun edit
ci
Etymology 3 edit
Pronoun edit
ci m
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
From ce.
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
ci
- (adversative) but; so that; on the contrary, opposite
- Nici eu, ci el. ― Not I, but he.
See also edit
Sicilian edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Akin to Italian ci; see there for more.
Adverb edit
ci
Etymology 2 edit
Pronoun edit
ci
Usage notes edit
- Unlike in Italian, the Sicilian pronoun ci is not used for the first-person plural ('us'). The Sicilian equivalent is ni.
Inflection edit
3rd person | m | f | pl |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | iddu | idda | iddi |
prepositional | iddu | idda | iddi |
accusative | lu | la | li |
dative | ci | ci | ci |
reflexive | si | si | si |
Tarantino edit
Pronoun edit
ci (relative)
Tedim Chin edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tsii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tsji.
Noun edit
ci
References edit
- Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip
Venetian edit
Etymology edit
From Latin quis (compare Italian chi).
Pronoun edit
ci (interrogative)
- who?
Usage notes edit
- Redoubled for reinforcement.
- Ci èlo ci?
- Who on earth is he?
- Ci èlo ci?
Walloon edit
Etymology edit
From Old French cist, from Latin ecce istum (< iste).
Pronunciation edit
Determiner edit
ci (after an open syllabe : ç', feminine : cisse, masculine form before vowel : cist, feminine form before vowel : ciste, plural : ces)
- this
- Ci rotch
- This rock
- C' est ç' rotch-ci
- It's this rock
- Cist ome
- This man
- Cisse gayole
- This box
- Ciste afwaire
- This affair
- Ces måjhons
- These houses
Pronoun edit
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Brythonic *ki, from Proto-Celtic *kū, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
ci m (plural cŵn)
Derived terms edit
- ci poeth (“hotdog”)
- ciaidd (“savage, fierce”)
- corgi (“corgi”)
- cynaidd (“canine”)
- cynffongi (“sycophant, sponger”)
- cynol (“canine”)
- dwrgi (“otter”)
- gellgi (“a Welsh staghound”)
- hyddgi (“staghound”)
- (literary) ciros (“dog roses”)
- rhos y cŵn (“dog roses, sweetbriers”)
- rhosyn y cŵn (“dogrose”)
- ufferngi (“hell-hound”)
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
ci | gi | nghi | chi |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
White Hmong edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
ci
Zhuang edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Zhuang) IPA(key): /ɕi˨˦/
- Tone numbers: ci1
- Hyphenation: ci
Etymology 1 edit
Noun edit
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Classifier edit
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Verb edit
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
- to sew with a sewing machine
- to machine on a lathe
Etymology 2 edit
Verb edit
ci (Sawndip form 𫩝, 1957–1982 spelling ci)
- (intransitive, of wind) to blow
- (transitive) to blow
- Synonym: (dialectal) baed
- (transitive) to play (a wind instrument)
- (transitive) to pump (a bellows)
Etymology 3 edit
Verb edit
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Etymology 4 edit
Classifier edit
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
- Used for stick-like objects.