Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/galъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Uncertain. Sparsely attested, mainly in toponyms and derived terms.

If the color association is derived from the name of the jay, jackdow bird (and not vice versa), it is possible that the root is of onomatopoeic nature, related to *gavati (“to bark”), *gajati (“to croak”), *gakati (“to caw”). Compare regional *gaga (“jay”).

Adjective

*galъ

2. dark, murky, swarty
3. black (for animals, places)

   Synonym: *vornъ

Inflection

Indefinite declension of *galъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*galъ	*gala	*galo
genitive	*gala	*galy	*gala
dative	*galu	*galě	*galu
accusative	*galъ	*galǫ	*galo
instrumental	*galomь	*galojǫ	*galomь
locative	*galě	*galě	*galě
vocative	*gale	*galo	*galo
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gala	*galě	*galě
genitive	*galu	*galu	*galu
dative	*galoma	*galama	*galoma
accusative	*gala	*galě	*galě
instrumental	*galoma	*galama	*galoma
locative	*galu	*galu	*galu
vocative	*gala	*galě	*galě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gali	*galy	*gala
genitive	*galъ	*galъ	*galъ
dative	*galomъ	*galamъ	*galomъ
accusative	*galy	*galy	*gala
instrumental	*galy	*galami	*galy
locative	*galěxъ	*galaxъ	*galěxъ
vocative	*gali	*galy	*gala

Definite declension of *galъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*galъjь	*galaja	*galoje
genitive	*galajego	*galyję̇	*galajego
dative	*galujemu	*galěji	*galujemu
accusative	*galъjь	*galǫjǫ	*galoje
instrumental	*galyjimь	*galǫjǫ	*galyjimь
locative	*galějemь	*galěji	*galějemь
vocative	*galъjь	*galaja	*galoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*galaja	*galěji	*galěji
genitive	*galuju	*galuju	*galuju
dative	*galyjima	*galyjima	*galyjima
accusative	*galaja	*galěji	*galěji
instrumental	*galyjima	*galyjima	*galyjima
locative	*galuju	*galuju	*galuju
vocative	*galaja	*galěji	*galěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*galiji	*galyję̇	*galaja
genitive	*galъjixъ	*galъjixъ	*galъjixъ
dative	*galyjimъ	*galyjimъ	*galyjimъ
accusative	*galyję̇	*galyję̇	*galaja
instrumental	*galyjimi	*galyjimi	*galyjimi
locative	*galyjixъ	*galyjixъ	*galyjixъ
vocative	*galiji	*galyję̇	*galaja

Derived terms

• *gaľa (“black fem. animal (sheep, hen, bitch)”)
• *galica (“chough”)
• *galъka (“jackdaw”)
• *galębъ, *galǫbъ (“gull”)
• *galovъ (“dark, murky”)

See also

Colors in Proto-Slavic · *mȃsti (layout · text)

*bělъ (of animals) *bronъ	*sivъ, *śěrъ, *śědъ	*čьrnъ, *smaglъ, *smǫglъ (of animals) *vornъ, *galъ
*čьrvenъ, *ryďь, *ruměnъ	*rudъ, *granivъ; *smědъ (of animals) *gnědъ	*žьltъ (of animals) *solvъ; *polvъ
*zelenъ	*zelenъ, *grěnъ
	*polvъ	*siňь; *modrъ
*slivъ	*bagrъ

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • ⇒ Ukrainian: галь (halʹ, “herd of jays”) (dialectal)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: галъ (galŭ)
  • Bulgarian: гал m (gal, “jackdaw”)
    • ⇒ Bulgarian: Галиче (Galiče), Галатски рид (Galatski rid), Галовo (Galovo), Галова падина (Galova padina) (toponyms)
  • Macedonian: гал (gal) (dialectal)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: га̏о, га̑л (dialectal, dated)

    Latin script: gȁo, gȃl (dialectal, dated)

    ⇒ Serbo-Croatian: gala (“bird with black coloration”) (Croatian, archaic)

  • Slovene: gàl
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: gał (“pitch”) (dialectal)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “галка”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*galъ II”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 96
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “гал”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 225
• Maya Vlahova-Angelova (2014) “Цветовете в Българската топонимия”, in „Известия“, книга XXVII‎^[1], Institute of Bulgarian Language at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, pages 130-159

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout, cry”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *galaną.

Noun

*galъ m

2. noise

Inflection

Declension of *galъ (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*galъ	*gala	*gali
genitive	*gala	*galu	*galъ
dative	*galu	*galoma	*galomъ
accusative	*galъ	*gala	*galy
instrumental	*galъmь, *galomь*	*galoma	*galy
locative	*galě	*galu	*galěxъ
vocative	*gale	*gala	*gali

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *galъda
• *galъděti

Related terms

• *golsъ
• *golgolъ
• *galьba

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • ⇒ Russian: галде́ть (galdétʹ), га́лда́ (gáldá), га́литься (gálitʹsja)
  • ⇒ Ukrainian: галді́ти (haldíty), гала́й (haláj), гала́кати (halákaty)
  • ⇒ Ukrainian: га́лас (hálas)
    • → Polish: hałas
      • → Czech: halas
      • → Slovak: halas
  • ⇒ Belarusian: га́лас (hálas)
• West Slavic:
  • ⇒ Polish: gałda, gałuszyć

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “галда”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress