empedernir
Portuguese edit
Etymology edit
From *empedrenir, from em- + pedra and an uncertain suffix.[1]
Pronunciation edit
- (Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deɦˈni(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deɦˈni(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(χ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/
Verb edit
empedernir (first-person singular present (Portugal only; missing in Brazil) empedirno, third-person singular present empederne, first-person singular preterite empederni, past participle empedernido)
- (transitive) to make rock hard
Conjugation edit
- Brazil
Conjugation of empedernir (defective) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
- Portugal
Conjugation of empedernir (i-e alternation in present singular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
References edit
- ^ 1932, Antenor Nascentes, Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa.
Spanish edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
empedernir (no stressed present indicative or subjunctive, first-person singular preterite empederní, past participle empedernido)
- to harden
Usage notes edit
- Used only with forms where the ending begins with -i.
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of empedernir (defective) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
Further reading edit
- “empedernir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014