gruwen
Dutch
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Dutch grûwen, grouwen, from Proto-Germanic *grūwijaną, with cognates in Middle High German and Old High German, but further origin unclear; perhaps ultimately an imitative derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”),[1] or instead from *gʰer- (“to rub, stroke, grind”).[2]
Pronunciation
editVerb
editgruwen
- (intransitive) to abhor, to loathe
- Antonym: houden van
- Als er iets is waarvan ik gruw, dan is het zijn zelfvoldaanheid.
- If there is one thing I loathe, it’s his smugness.
Usage notes
editThe object of the loathing is introduced with the preposition van, but – unlike the verb houden van – the naked verb can also be used on its own.
Inflection
editConjugation of gruwen (weak) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | gruwen | |||
past singular | gruwde | |||
past participle | gegruwd | |||
infinitive | gruwen | |||
gerund | gruwen n | |||
present tense | past tense | |||
1st person singular | gruw | gruwde | ||
2nd person sing. (jij) | gruwt, gruw2 | gruwde | ||
2nd person sing. (u) | gruwt | gruwde | ||
2nd person sing. (gij) | gruwt | gruwde | ||
3rd person singular | gruwt | gruwde | ||
plural | gruwen | gruwden | ||
subjunctive sing.1 | gruwe | gruwde | ||
subjunctive plur.1 | gruwen | gruwden | ||
imperative sing. | gruw | |||
imperative plur.1 | gruwt | |||
participles | gruwend | gegruwd | ||
1) Archaic. 2) In case of inversion. |
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “gruwen”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “460”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 460
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