gruwen
Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Dutch grûwen, grouwen, from Proto-Germanic *grūwijaną, with cognates in Middle High German and Old High German, but further origin unclear; perhaps ultimately an imitative derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”),[1] or instead from *gʰer- (“to rub, stroke, grind”).[2]
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
gruwen
- (intransitive) to abhor, to loathe
- Antonym: houden van
- Als er iets is waarvan ik gruw, dan is het zijn zelfvoldaanheid.
- If there is one thing I loathe, it’s his smugness.
Usage notes edit
The object of the loathing is introduced with the preposition van, but – unlike the verb houden van – the naked verb can also be used on its own.
Inflection edit
| Inflection of gruwen (weak) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | gruwen | |||
| past singular | gruwde | |||
| past participle | gegruwd | |||
| infinitive | gruwen | |||
| gerund | gruwen n | |||
| present tense | past tense | |||
| 1st person singular | gruw | gruwde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (jij) | gruwt | gruwde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (u) | gruwt | gruwde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (gij) | gruwt | gruwde | ||
| 3rd person singular | gruwt | gruwde | ||
| plural | gruwen | gruwden | ||
| subjunctive sing.1 | gruwe | gruwde | ||
| subjunctive plur.1 | gruwen | gruwden | ||
| imperative sing. | gruw | |||
| imperative plur.1 | gruwt | |||
| participles | gruwend | gegruwd | ||
| 1) Archaic. | ||||
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “gruwen”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) chapter 460, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 460