U+6C99, 沙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C99

[U+6C98]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+6C9A]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 85, +4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水火竹 (EFH), four-corner 39120, composition )

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 611, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17212
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1005, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1562, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6C99

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • (Cantonese)
 
放大顯示的沙子,本為一平方釐米

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
   

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意): (water) + (to lack; to be short of).

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (earth, sand). Compare Tibetan (sa, sand) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, sand).

Pronunciation 1 edit


Note:
  • suói - vernacular;
  • sá - literary.
  • Eastern Min
  • Note:
    • săi - vernacular;
    • să - literary.
  • Southern Min
  • Note:
    • soa, se - vernacular;
    • sa/see - literary.
    Note:
    • sua1 - vernacular;
    • sa1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /ʂa⁵⁵/
    Harbin /ʂa⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /sɑ²¹/
    Jinan /ʂa²¹³/
    Qingdao /ʂa²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /ʂa²⁴/
    Xi'an /sa²¹/
    Xining /sa⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʂa⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /ʂa³¹/
    Ürümqi /sa⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /sa²¹³/
    Chengdu /sa⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /sa⁵⁵/
    Kunming /ʂa̠⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /ʂɑ³¹/
    Hefei /ʂa²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /sa¹¹/
    Pingyao /sɑ¹³/
    Hohhot /sa³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /so⁵³/
    Suzhou /so⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /sɑ³³/
    Wenzhou /so³³/
    Hui Shexian /sa³¹/
    Tunxi /sɔ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /sa³³/
    Xiangtan /dɒ³³/
    Gan Nanchang /sɑ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /sa⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /sɑ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /sa⁵³/
    Nanning /sa⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /sa⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sa⁵⁵/
    /sua⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sa⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /suɛ⁵⁴/
    /sa⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /sua³³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /sa²³/
    /tua²³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial () (21) (21)
    Final () (98) (98)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division () II II
    Fanqie
    Baxter srae sraeH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ʃˠa/ /ʃˠaH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ʃᵚa/ /ʃᵚaH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ʃa/ /ʃaH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ʂaɨ/ /ʂaɨH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ʃa/ /ʃaH/
    Wang
    Li
    /ʃa/ /ʃaH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ʂa/ /ʂaH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    shā shà
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    saa1 saa3
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    shā
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ sræ ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*sˁraj/
    English sand

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 11025 11035
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    1 1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*sraːl/ /*sraːls/
    Definitions edit

    1. sand
        ―  shā  ―  silt
        ―  shā  ―  desert
    2. (usually used in place names) shoal
    3. something granular
        ―  dòushā  ―  red bean paste
    4. mushy and rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality.
        ―  shāráng  ―  mushy watermelon pulp, Refers to the watermelon when the flesh becomes loose and fine-grained
        ―  shā  ―  Pyrus pyrifolia
      西  ―  shāguā  ―  alternative of (shā guā)
    5. (of a voice) hoarse; husky
        ―  shā  ―  hoarse
      [Cantonese, trad.]
      [Cantonese, simp.]
      giu3 dou3 baa2 seng1 saa1 saai3 [Jyutping]
      shout so much that one's voice is all hoarse
    6. (Buddhism) the number 10-8
    7. Short for 沙皇 (shāhuáng).
        ―  Shā  ―  Russian Empire
    8. (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 沙巴 (Shābā, “Sabah”).
    9. (Mainland China) Short for 沙特阿拉伯 (Shātè Ālābó, “Saudi Arabia”).
    10. (Hong Kong) Short for 沙田 (shātián, “Sha Tin”).
    11. a surname
    Synonyms edit
    • (sand):
    Compounds edit
    Descendants edit
    • Proto-Tai: *zwɯəjᴬ

    Pronunciation 2 edit


    Definitions edit

    1. (dialectal) to shake in order to gather impurities to be removed

    Pronunciation 3 edit


    Definitions edit

    1. (alt. form ) to twirl; to whirl
    2. (alt. form ) to fondle; to caress
    Compounds edit

    Etymology 2 edit

    For pronunciation and definitions of – see .
    (This character is the second-round simplified form of ).
    Notes:

    References edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    Readings edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    Noun edit

    (すな) (suna

    1. sand

    Etymology 2 edit

    Noun edit

    (いさご) (isago

    1. small rock
    2. sand

    Etymology 3 edit

    Noun edit

    () or (しゃ) (sa or sha

    1. Number of units, 1 of 100 million parts.

    Korean edit

    Etymology edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC srae|sraeH). Recorded as Middle Korean (sa) (Yale: sa) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 모래 (morae sa))

    1. Hanja form? of (sand).
      Synonym: ( (sa))

    Compounds edit

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Nôm readings: sa

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References edit

    • Nom Foundation
    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville