U+B9D0, 말
HANGUL SYLLABLE MAL
Composition: + +

[U+B9CF]
Hangul Syllables
[U+B9D1]




리 ←→ 매

Jeju edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Korean 말〯 (mǎl).

Pronunciation edit

IPA(key): /ma̠ɭ/

Noun edit

(mal)

  1. word
  2. speech
  3. language

Derived terms edit

References edit

  • ” in Andrew Cheng; K. David Harrison, Jeju-eo Talking Dictionary, Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, 2014.
  • ” in Jeju's culture and language, Digital museum.

Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 말〯 (Yale: mǎl). The rising pitch implies an earlier bisyllabic origin.

Pronunciation edit

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ma̠(ː)ɭ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?māl
  • South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: / 말 / 말까지

    Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes low pitch, and heightens the pitch of two subsequent suffixed syllables.

Noun edit

(mal)

  1. speech
    주의하여 들어.
    Nae mareul juuihayeo deureobwa.
    Listen to me carefully.
  2. (colloquial) language
    Synonym: (formal) 어(語) (eo)
    일본 어디 배웠어?
    Ilbon mareul eodiseo baewosseo?
    Where did you learn Japanese?
Derived terms edit
See also edit

Etymology 2 edit

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean , from Old Korean (*MAL).

In the Hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄆᆞᆯ (Yale: mòl).

Similar words are found across Eurasia. Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, horse), Mongolian морь (morʹ, horse), Nivkh мурӈ (murŋ, horse), Old Chinese (*mraːʔ, horse), Japanese (うま) (uma, horse), and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (horse); see the last link for more.

For the prefix, compare Chinese (, horse; big, great), from which it is perhaps calqued.

Pronunciation edit

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal
  • South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 의 / 에 / 말

    Syllables in red take high pitch. This word takes low pitch only before consonant-initial multisyllabic suffixes.

Noun edit

(mal) (counter 마리)

  1. horse
  2. playing piece (in games)
  3. sawhorse
Derived terms edit

Prefix edit

말— (mal-)

  1. (now unproductive) great; big
    malbeolgreat bee; wasp
    개미malgaemiking ant
    잠자리maljamjaritype of dragonfly

Etymology 3 edit

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 말〮 (Yale: mál).

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “What relation to the Japanese term (masu, unit of measure for volume, approx. 1.8L)? Many KO hanja readings ending in -l correspond to JA kanji readings ending variously in -shi, -chi, -tsu, and -su (but no examples exist Chuterix (talk) 14:17, 21 June 2023 (UTC)), opening the possibility of a KO mal ↔ JA masu phonetic match. See also Talk:말#KO_mal_(unit_of_measure)_and_JA_masu_(unit_of_measure).”

Pronunciation edit

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal
  • South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: / /

    Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch and also heightens the next suffixed syllable.

Noun edit

(mal)

  1. (units of measure) a unit of volume equivalent to about 18 L or 10 (doe)
See also edit
  • (doe): 1/10 mal
  • (, jak): 1/1000 mal
  • (hop): 1/100 mal

Etymology 4 edit

From Middle Korean (malh). Short form of 말뚝 (malttuk).

Pronunciation edit

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal

Noun edit

(mal)

  1. wooden pile; stake

Etymology 5 edit

First attested in the Hunmong jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527, as Middle Korean ᄆᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: mól).

Pronunciation edit

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal

Noun edit

(mal)

  1. an alga or other waterborne cryptogam
  2. seaweed, specifically Potamogeton oxyphyllus.
Derived terms edit
See also edit

Etymology 6 edit

Sino-Korean word from (end).

Pronunciation edit

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal

Noun edit

(mal) (hanja )

  1. end (of a period); late
    Antonym: 초(初) (cho, beginning)
    조선시대
    joseonsidae mal
    Late Joseon period
  2. (baseball) bottom (of an inning)
    Coordinate term: 초(初) (cho, top (of an inning))
    9
    guhoe mal
    The bottom of the ninth inning
Derived terms edit

Etymology 7 edit

Korean reading of various Chinese characters.

Syllable edit

(mal)

Extended content
  1. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  2. :
    (MC reading: )
  3. : end; tip
    (eumhun reading: (kkeut mal)))
  4. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  5. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  6. :
    (MC reading: (MC mjot))
  7. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  8. :
    (MC reading: (MC maet))
  9. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  10. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  11. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  12. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  13. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  14. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))
  15. :
    (MC reading: (MC -))
  16. :
    (MC reading: (MC mat))

References edit

  • Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 15. [1]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Middle Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “First attestation? Any Old Korean forms known?”)

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

말〯 (mǎl)

  1. word, speech, language
Descendants edit
  • Korean: (mal)

Etymology 2 edit

Possibly cognate with Japanese (masu), a similar unit of measure.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

말〮 (mál)

  1. measure (containing about 18 liters or 10 doe ( (doe))
  2. a unit of measure (about 18 liters)
Descendants edit
  • Korean: (mal)