Wiktionary

ruga

See also: Ruga, rugá, rugă, rugą, ruĝa, and rũga

English edit

Etymology edit

Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /ˈɹuː.ɡə/
    • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -uːɡə

Noun edit

ruga (plural rugae)

  1. (anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.
    • 1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:
      Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]
    • 1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:
      the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky

Derived terms edit

Translations edit

References edit

Anagrams edit

Afar edit

 
Ruga (1).

Pronunciation 1 edit

  • IPA(key): /ˈruɡa/, [ˈɾʊɡʌ]
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun edit

rúga m (plural rugaagí f)

  1. male calf
Declension edit
Declension of rúga
absolutive rúga
predicative rúga
subjective rugí
genitive rugí
Postpositioned forms
l-case rúgal
k-case rúgak
t-case rúgat
h-case rúgah
Derived terms edit

Pronunciation 2 edit

  • IPA(key): /ruˈɡa/, [ɾʊˈɡʌ]
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun edit

rugá f (plural rugaagí f)

  1. female calf
Declension edit
Declension of rugá
absolutive rugá
predicative rugá
subjective rugá
genitive rugá
Postpositioned forms
l-case rugál
k-case rugák
t-case rugát
h-case rugáh

References edit

  • E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 183
  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Catalan edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

ruga f (plural rugues)

  1. Alternative form of arruga (“wrinkle”)

Italian edit

Etymology edit

From Latin ruga, from Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”), extension of *krew- (“scab”).

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /ˈru.ɡa/
  • Rhymes: -uɡa
  • Hyphenation: rù‧ga

Noun edit

ruga f (plural rughe)

  1. wrinkle, line

Derived terms edit

Anagrams edit

Kikuyu edit

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

ruga (infinitive kũruga)

  1. to cook

Derived terms edit

(Nouns)

(Verbs)

(Proverbs)

References edit

  • Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

Latin edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Italic *rougā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”), related to *h₁rewg- (“to roar, belch”), where the sense development would be "to belch" → "to undulate"[1] → "to be rugged" → "crease, wrinkle".[2] Compare ructo (“I belch, bring up noisily”).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

rūga f (genitive rūgae); first declension

  1. (usually in the plural) a crease in the face, wrinkle
  2. (transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind
    1. a female screw (nut (that fits on a bolt)) (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
  3. (Early Medieval Latin) a street[3]
  This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

Inflection edit

First-declension noun.

Case Singular Plural
Nominative rūga rūgae
Genitive rūgae rūgārum
Dative rūgae rūgīs
Accusative rūgam rūgās
Ablative rūgā rūgīs
Vocative rūga rūgae

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Descendants of rūga in other languages
  • Aromanian: arugã
  • Catalan: arruga, ruga, rua
  • → English: ruga
  • → Italian: ruga
  • Old French: rue
    • French: rue
    • Norman: rue
    • → Old Galician-Portuguese: rua
  • Old Occitan:
  • Old Spanish: rua
  • Piedmontese: rùa
  • → Portuguese: ruga
  • → Spanish: ruga
  • → Venetian: ruga

References edit

  • “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • ruga in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
  • “ruga”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2000 November) “Reconsidering Dutch rups, German Raupe 'caterpillar'”, in Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, volume 54, number 1, Brill Publishers, page 160:
    The connection between 'to belch' and 'caterpillar' may be the way in which a caterpillar moves forward, viz. by slowly pushing itself foward (sic), first with its hind legs, thus raising the central part of its body to a curve, which is lowered again when the front legs move forward. This movement may easily call into mind the lowering and raising of the Adam's apple when people belch, or retching movements of the throat when vomiting.
  2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ruga”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-29
  3. ^ Joan Coromines, José A. Pascual (1984) “arruga”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (in Spanish), volumes I (A–Ca), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 360

Polish edit

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /ˈru.ɡa/
  • Rhymes: -uɡa
  • Syllabification: ru‧ga

Etymology 1 edit

Deverbal from rugać.

Noun edit

ruga f

  1. (colloquial) scolding, slating (criticism)
    Synonym: reprymenda
Declension edit
Declension of ruga
singular plural
nominative ruga rugi
genitive rugi rug
dative rudze rugom
accusative rugę rugi
instrumental rugą rugami
locative rudze rugach
vocative rugo rugi
Related terms edit
verbs

Etymology 2 edit

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb edit

ruga

  1. third-person singular present of rugać

Further reading edit

  • ruga in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Latin ruga. Doublet of rua (“street”).

Pronunciation edit

 

  • Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun edit

ruga f (plural rugas)

  1. wrinkle
  2. crease
Related terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Verb edit

ruga

  1. inflection of rugar:
    1. third-person singular present indicative
    2. second-person singular imperative

Romanian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Latin rogāre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-, ablaut of *h₃reǵ-.

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

a ruga (third-person singular present roagă, past participle rugat) 1st conj.

  1. (transitive) to politely ask
    Rugăm pasagerii să își pună centurile de siguranță.
    We ask the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.
  2. (reflexive) to pray [+ la (deity)]
  3. (reflexive) to insistently or repeatedly ask [+ de (person)]

Usage notes edit

Ruga in the meaning of “ask (for)” expresses the request by a secondary clause and never through a prepositional object.

Conjugation edit

    conjugation of ruga (first conjugation, no infix)
infinitive a ruga
gerund rugând
past participle rugat
number singular plural
person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative eu tu el/ea noi voi ei/ele
present rog rogi roagă rugăm rugați roagă
imperfect rugam rugai ruga rugam rugați rugau
simple perfect rugai rugași rugă rugarăm rugarăți rugară
pluperfect rugasem rugaseși rugase rugaserăm rugaserăți rugaseră
subjunctive eu tu el/ea noi voi ei/ele
present să rog să rogi să roage să rugăm să rugați să roage
imperative — tu — — voi —
affirmative roagă rugați
negative nu ruga nu rugați

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

See also edit

References edit

Sardinian edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Latin rūga.

Noun edit

ruga f (plural rugas)

  1. street
Alternative forms edit

Etymology 2 edit

From Latin eruca.

Noun edit

ruga f (plural rugas)

  1. caterpillar

See also edit

Spanish edit

Verb edit

ruga

  1. inflection of rugar:
    1. third-person singular present indicative
    2. second-person singular imperative

Veps edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Finnic *ruka

Noun edit

ruga

  1. resin

Inflection edit

Inflection of ruga (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing. ruga
genitive sing. rugan
partitive sing. rugad
partitive plur. rugid
singular plural
nominative ruga rugad
accusative rugan rugad
genitive rugan rugiden
partitive rugad rugid
essive-instructive rugan rugin
translative rugaks rugikš
inessive rugas rugiš
elative rugaspäi rugišpäi
illative rugaha rugihe
adessive rugal rugil
ablative rugalpäi rugilpäi
allative rugale rugile
abessive rugata rugita
comitative ruganke rugidenke
prolative rugadme rugidme
approximative I ruganno rugidenno
approximative II rugannoks rugidennoks
egressive rugannopäi rugidennopäi
terminative I rugahasai rugihesai
terminative II rugalesai rugilesai
terminative III rugassai —
additive I rugahapäi rugihepäi
additive II rugalepäi rugilepäi

References edit

  • Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “смола”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎[2], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
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