λίθος
Ancient Greek edit
Etymology edit
Has been compared to λεῖος (leîos, “smooth”), λιτός (litós, “simple, plain”), Latin laedō (“to strike, hurt”), and Lithuanian slidùs (“slippery, slick”). Beekes argues for a Pre-Greek origin, noting that words for "stone" are often taken from a substrate language.
Pronunciation edit
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /lí.tʰos/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈli.tʰos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈli.θos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈli.θos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈli.θos/
Noun edit
λῐ́θος • (líthos) m (genitive λῐ́θου); second declension
- a stone
- Synonym: πέτρος (pétros)
- stone as a substance
- Synonym: πέτρα (pétra)
- stone, pebble (used as as piece in a board-game)
- large rock or stone block, used as a seat to a speaker's platform, especially in the Assembly or in the Athenian agora, where archons, arbitrators and certain witnesses swore oaths
Usage notes edit
Λίθος is sometimes used as a feminine noun. This often (but not always) is used to refer to some special stone, such as a gem or magnet.
Declension edit
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ὁ, ἡ λῐ́θος ho, hē líthos |
τὼ λῐ́θω tṑ líthō |
οἱ, αἱ λῐ́θοι hoi, hai líthoi | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ, τῆς λῐ́θου toû, tês líthou |
τοῖν λῐ́θοιν toîn líthoin |
τῶν λῐ́θων tôn líthōn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ, τῇ λῐ́θῳ tôi, têi líthōi |
τοῖν λῐ́θοιν toîn líthoin |
τοῖς, ταῖς λῐ́θοις toîs, taîs líthois | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸν, τὴν λῐ́θον tòn, tḕn líthon |
τὼ λῐ́θω tṑ líthō |
τοὺς, τᾱ̀ς λῐ́θους toùs, tā̀s líthous | ||||||||||
Vocative | λῐ́θε líthe |
λῐ́θω líthō |
λῐ́θοι líthoi | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms edit
- λιθάργυρος (lithárguros)
- λιθουργός (lithourgós)
- μονόλιθος (monólithos)
- λίθινος (líthinos)
- λιθωτός (lithōtós)
Descendants edit
Descendants of λίθος in other languages
Further reading edit
- “λίθος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “λίθος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “λίθος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- λίθος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- λίθος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “λίθος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G3037 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- λίθος - ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ (since 2011) Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch) University of Chicago.
Greek edit
Etymology edit
Learnedly, from Ancient Greek λίθος (líthos), masculine (also feminine).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
λίθος • (líthos) m or f (plural λίθοι)
- masculine form:
- stone (building material)
- ο θεμέλιος λίθος ― o themélios líthos ― the foundation stone
- (medicine, formal) stone, calculus
- (archaeology) Εποχή του Λίθου (“Stone Age”)
- stone (building material)
- feminine form (in phrases): special "stones":
- λυδία λίθος (“touch stone”)
- φιλοσοφική λίθος (“philosopher's stone”)
Declension edit
declension of λίθος
Synonyms edit
Coordinate terms edit
Related terms edit
Expressions
- ακρογωνιαίος λίθος m (akrogoniaíos líthos, “cornerstone”)
- ημιπολύτιμος λίθος m (imipolýtimos líthos)
- κινώ πάντα λίθον (kinó pánta líthon)
- λίθοι, πλίνθοι και κέραμοι ατάκτως ερριμένα (líthoi, plínthoi kai kéramoi atáktos erriména)
ancient: λίθοι καὶ πλίνθοι καὶ ξύλα καὶ κέραμος ἀτάκτως ἐρριμμένα (líthoi kaì plínthoi kaì xúla kaì kéramos atáktōs errhimména) - θεμέλιος λίθος m (themélios líthos)
- πολύτιμος λίθος m (polýtimos líthos)
Derivatives and compounds
- απολίθωμα n (apolíthoma, “fossil”)
- ασβεστόλιθος m (asvestólithos, “limestone”)
- λιθίαση f (lithíasi)
- λιθικός (lithikós)
- λίθινος f (líthinos)
- λιθογραφία f (lithografía, “lithograph, lithography”)
- λιθόκτιστος (lithóktistos)
- λιθοξόος m (lithoxóos)
- λιθόστρωτο n (lithóstroto, “cobblestone”)
- λιθοτριψία f (lithotripsía)
- λιθόσφαιρα f (lithósfaira, “lithosphere”)
- λιθώδης f (lithódis)
- μονόλιθος m (monólithos)
- σφραγιδόλιθος m (sfragidólithos)
- σχιστόλιθος m (schistólithos)
Further reading edit
- λίθος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el
- λίθος - Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], 1998, by the "Triantafyllidis" Foundation.