ξηρός
Ancient Greek
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Indo-European *kseros (“dry”). Cognates include Latin serescō, Old High German serawēn, Old Armenian չոր (čʻor), Middle Armenian չիր (čʻir), and perhaps Sanskrit क्षार (kṣārá, “sharp, acrid, pungent”). However, the lengthened vowel η where ε would normally be expected is problematic.[1]
Pronunciation
edit- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ksɛː.rós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /kse̝ˈros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ksiˈros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ksiˈros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ksiˈros/
Adjective
editξηρός • (xērós) m (feminine ξηρᾱ́, neuter ξηρόν); first/second declension
- dry
- Synonym: αὖος (aûos)
- dry land
- The effects of being without water: parched, withered
- By extension: shrunken, paralyzed, lean
- (voice) rough, hoarse
- fasting
Inflection
editNumber | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ξηρός xērós |
ξηρᾱ́ xērā́ |
ξηρόν xērón |
ξηρώ xērṓ |
ξηρᾱ́ xērā́ |
ξηρώ xērṓ |
ξηροί xēroí |
ξηραί xēraí |
ξηρᾰ́ xērá | |||||
Genitive | ξηροῦ xēroû |
ξηρᾶς xērâs |
ξηροῦ xēroû |
ξηροῖν xēroîn |
ξηραῖν xēraîn |
ξηροῖν xēroîn |
ξηρῶν xērôn |
ξηρῶν xērôn |
ξηρῶν xērôn | |||||
Dative | ξηρῷ xērôi |
ξηρᾷ xērâi |
ξηρῷ xērôi |
ξηροῖν xēroîn |
ξηραῖν xēraîn |
ξηροῖν xēroîn |
ξηροῖς xēroîs |
ξηραῖς xēraîs |
ξηροῖς xēroîs | |||||
Accusative | ξηρόν xērón |
ξηρᾱ́ν xērā́n |
ξηρόν xērón |
ξηρώ xērṓ |
ξηρᾱ́ xērā́ |
ξηρώ xērṓ |
ξηρούς xēroús |
ξηρᾱ́ς xērā́s |
ξηρᾰ́ xērá | |||||
Vocative | ξηρέ xēré |
ξηρᾱ́ xērā́ |
ξηρόν xērón |
ξηρώ xērṓ |
ξηρᾱ́ xērā́ |
ξηρώ xērṓ |
ξηροί xēroí |
ξηραί xēraí |
ξηρᾰ́ xērá | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
ξηρῶς xērôs |
ξηρότερος xēróteros |
ξηρότᾰτος xērótatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- →? Translingual: Xerus
References
edit- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ξηρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1035-6
Further reading
edit- “ξηρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ξηρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- ξηρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- G3584 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- ξηρός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- dry idem, page 255.
- fleshless idem, page 327.
- haggard idem, page 380.
- lean idem, page 482.
- meagre idem, page 519.
- parched idem, page 592.
- sear idem, page 746.
- seasoned idem, page 746.
- shrivelled idem, page 771.
- skinny idem, page 781.
- spare idem, page 798.
- tearless idem, page 859.
- thin idem, page 866.
- wasted idem, page 965.
- withered idem, page 984.
- “ξηρός”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, 2011
Greek
editAlternative forms
edit- ξερός (xerós)
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editξηρός • (xirós) m (feminine ξηρή or ξηρά, neuter ξηρό)
- (literary) dry, dried, arid
- το κλίμα είναι πολύ ξηρό
- to klíma eínai polý xiró
- the climate is very dry
- (literary) dry, not sweet
- ξηρός οίνος ― xirós oínos ― dry wine
Usage notes
editThe use of this form is restricted to special terms, such as those listed below:
- ξηρό κλίμα n (xiró klíma, “dry climate”)
- αποξηραμένος (apoxiraménos, “dried, desiccated”)
- ξηρή ατμόσφαιρα f (xirí atmósfaira, “dry atmosphere”)
- ξηρές σταφίδες f pl (xirés stafídes, “dried fruit”)
- ξηρά τροφή f (xirá trofí, “dry food, dried food”)
- ξηρό στοιχείο n (xiró stoicheío, “dry cell”)
- ξηροί καρποί m pl (xiroí karpoí, “dried fruit, dried nuts”)
- ξηρός οίνος m (xirós oínos, “dry wine”)
- ξηρός πάγος m (xirós págos, “dry ice”)
Declension
editDeclension of ξηρός
number case \ gender |
singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | ξηρός • | ξηρή • / ξηρά • | ξηρό • | ξηροί • | ξηρές • | ξηρά • |
genitive | ξηρού • | ξηρής • / ξηράς • | ξηρού • | ξηρών • | ξηρών • | ξηρών • |
accusative | ξηρό • | ξηρή • / ξηρά • | ξηρό • | ξηρούς • | ξηρές • | ξηρά • |
vocative | ξηρέ • | ξηρή • / ξηρά • | ξηρό • | ξηροί • | ξηρές • | ξηρά • |
derivations | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο ξηρός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο ξηρός, etc.) |
Degrees of comparison by suffixation
comparative | singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | ξηρότερος • | ξηρότερη • | ξηρότερο • | ξηρότεροι • | ξηρότερες • | ξηρότερα • |
genitive | ξηρότερου • | ξηρότερης • | ξηρότερου • | ξηρότερων • | ξηρότερων • | ξηρότερων • |
accusative | ξηρότερο • | ξηρότερη • | ξηρότερο • | ξηρότερους • | ξηρότερες • | ξηρότερα • |
vocative | ξηρότερε • | ξηρότερη • | ξηρότερο • | ξηρότεροι • | ξηρότερες • | ξηρότερα • |
derivations | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο ξηρότερος", etc) | |||||
Absolute superlative | singular | plural | ||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | ξηρότατος • | ξηρότατη • | ξηρότατο • | ξηρότατοι • | ξηρότατες • | ξηρότατα • |
genitive | ξηρότατου • | ξηρότατης • | ξηρότατου • | ξηρότατων • | ξηρότατων • | ξηρότατων • |
accusative | ξηρότατο • | ξηρότατη • | ξηρότατο • | ξηρότατους • | ξηρότατες • | ξηρότατα • |
vocative | ξηρότατε • | ξηρότατη • | ξηρότατο • | ξηρότατοι • | ξηρότατες • | ξηρότατα • |
Synonyms
edit- see: ξερός (xerós)
Further reading
edit- ξηρός, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek adjectives
- Ancient Greek oxytone terms
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek adjectives
- Greek literary terms
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek adjectives in declension ός-ή-ά-ό