ξηρός

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ξερός (xerós) — Ionic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kseros (“dry”). Cognates include Latin serescō, Old High German serawēn, Old Armenian չոր (čʻor), Middle Armenian չիր (čʻir), and perhaps Sanskrit क्षार (kṣārá, “sharp, acrid, pungent”). However, the lengthened vowel η where ε would normally be expected is problematic.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ksɛː.rós/ → /ksiˈros/ → /ksiˈros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ksɛː.rós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kse̝ˈros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ksiˈros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ksiˈros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ksiˈros/

Adjective

ξηρός • (xērós) m (feminine ξηρᾱ́, neuter ξηρόν); first/second declension

1. dry

   Synonym: αὖος (aûos)

   1. dry land
      • 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Exodus 4.9
2. The effects of being without water: parched, withered
3. By extension: shrunken, paralyzed, lean
4. (voice) rough, hoarse
5. fasting

Inflection

First and second declension of ξηρός; ξηρᾱ́; ξηρόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ξηρός xērós	ξηρᾱ́ xērā́	ξηρόν xērón		ξηρώ xērṓ	ξηρᾱ́ xērā́	ξηρώ xērṓ		ξηροί xēroí	ξηραί xēraí	ξηρᾰ́ xērá
Genitive		ξηροῦ xēroû	ξηρᾶς xērâs	ξηροῦ xēroû		ξηροῖν xēroîn	ξηραῖν xēraîn	ξηροῖν xēroîn		ξηρῶν xērôn	ξηρῶν xērôn	ξηρῶν xērôn
Dative		ξηρῷ xērôi	ξηρᾷ xērâi	ξηρῷ xērôi		ξηροῖν xēroîn	ξηραῖν xēraîn	ξηροῖν xēroîn		ξηροῖς xēroîs	ξηραῖς xēraîs	ξηροῖς xēroîs
Accusative		ξηρόν xērón	ξηρᾱ́ν xērā́n	ξηρόν xērón		ξηρώ xērṓ	ξηρᾱ́ xērā́	ξηρώ xērṓ		ξηρούς xēroús	ξηρᾱ́ς xērā́s	ξηρᾰ́ xērá
Vocative		ξηρέ xēré	ξηρᾱ́ xērā́	ξηρόν xērón		ξηρώ xērṓ	ξηρᾱ́ xērā́	ξηρώ xērṓ		ξηροί xēroí	ξηραί xēraí	ξηρᾰ́ xērá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ξηρῶς xērôs				ξηρότερος xēróteros				ξηρότᾰτος xērótatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ξηρίον (xēríon)
• ξηρότης (xērótēs)
• ξηραίνω (xēraínō)

Descendants

• →? Translingual: Xerus

Further reading

• “ξηρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ξηρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• ξηρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• G3584 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• ξηρός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • dry idem, page 255.
  • fleshless idem, page 327.
  • haggard idem, page 380.
  • lean idem, page 482.
  • meagre idem, page 519.
  • parched idem, page 592.
  • sear idem, page 746.
  • seasoned idem, page 746.
  • shrivelled idem, page 771.
  • skinny idem, page 781.
  • spare idem, page 798.
  • tearless idem, page 859.
  • thin idem, page 866.
  • wasted idem, page 965.
  • withered idem, page 984.
• “ξηρός”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, 2011

Greek

Alternative forms

• ξερός (xerós)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ksiˈɾos/

Adjective

ξηρός • (xirós) m (feminine ξηρή or ξηρά, neuter ξηρό)

1. (literary) dry, dried, arid

   το κλίμα είναι πολύ ξηρό

   to klíma eínai polý xiró

   the climate is very dry

2. (literary) dry, not sweet

   ξηρός οίνος ― xirós oínos ― dry wine

Usage notes

The use of this form is restricted to special terms, such as those listed below:

• ξηρό κλίμα n (xiró klíma, “dry climate”)
• αποξηραμένος (apoxiraménos, “dried, desiccated”)
• ξηρή ατμόσφαιρα f (xirí atmósfaira, “dry atmosphere”)
• ξηρές σταφίδες f pl (xirés stafídes, “dried fruit”)
• ξηρά τροφή f (xirá trofí, “dry food, dried food”)
• ξηρό στοιχείο n (xiró stoicheío, “dry cell”)
• ξηροί καρποί m pl (xiroí karpoí, “dried fruit, dried nuts”)
• ξηρός οίνος m (xirós oínos, “dry wine”)
• ξηρός πάγος m (xirós págos, “dry ice”)

Declension

Declension of ξηρός

number  case \ gender	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ξηρός •	ξηρή • / ξηρά •	ξηρό •	ξηροί •	ξηρές •	ξηρά •
genitive	ξηρού •	ξηρής • / ξηράς •	ξηρού •	ξηρών •	ξηρών •	ξηρών •
accusative	ξηρό •	ξηρή • / ξηρά •	ξηρό •	ξηρούς •	ξηρές •	ξηρά •
vocative	ξηρέ •	ξηρή • / ξηρά •	ξηρό •	ξηροί •	ξηρές •	ξηρά •
derivations	Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο ξηρός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο ξηρός, etc.)

Degrees of comparison by suffixation

comparative	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ξηρότερος •	ξηρότερη •	ξηρότερο •	ξηρότεροι •	ξηρότερες •	ξηρότερα •
genitive	ξηρότερου •	ξηρότερης •	ξηρότερου •	ξηρότερων •	ξηρότερων •	ξηρότερων •
accusative	ξηρότερο •	ξηρότερη •	ξηρότερο •	ξηρότερους •	ξηρότερες •	ξηρότερα •
vocative	ξηρότερε •	ξηρότερη •	ξηρότερο •	ξηρότεροι •	ξηρότερες •	ξηρότερα •
derivations	relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο ξηρότερος", etc)
Absolute superlative	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ξηρότατος •	ξηρότατη •	ξηρότατο •	ξηρότατοι •	ξηρότατες •	ξηρότατα •
genitive	ξηρότατου •	ξηρότατης •	ξηρότατου •	ξηρότατων •	ξηρότατων •	ξηρότατων •
accusative	ξηρότατο •	ξηρότατη •	ξηρότατο •	ξηρότατους •	ξηρότατες •	ξηρότατα •
vocative	ξηρότατε •	ξηρότατη •	ξηρότατο •	ξηρότατοι •	ξηρότατες •	ξηρότατα •

Synonyms

• see: ξερός (xerós)

Further reading

• ξηρός, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language