τρέφω
Ancient Greek
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Hellenic *tʰrépʰō with deaspiration of the /tʰ/ to /t/ by Grassmann's law everywhere except in forms where the /pʰ/ has been deaspirated to /p/ by a following consonant (future, first aorist, perfect middle). Further origin is disputed:[1] Compare θρόμβος (thrómbos, “lump, clot, curd of milk”).
According to Beekes, a Pre-Greek substratum word, with the original concrete meaning apparently being something along the lines of “to congeal or curdle milk”, whence “to make grow, promote growth”. Within Indo-European, it is traditionally compared to Lithuanian drìbti (“to fall down in flakes”) and drė̃bti (“to throw a thick fluid”), Latvian drēbt (“to sleet (of damp snow falling)”).
The Greek term additionally bears resemblance to expressions for “dregs” in Celtic (cf. Middle Irish drab (“dregs, yeast”)), Germanic (Proto-Germanic *drabaz (“dregs”)), and Slavic (Proto-Slavic *droba (“crumb, sediment, dregs, yeast”)), linking it to Proto-Indo-European *dʰrebʰ-, whence also Lithuanian drebėti (“to quiver, to tremble”). It is possible that all these terms derive from the same substrate continuum. Compare also Proto-Germanic *drupô (“drop”), commonly connected to Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewb- (“to crumble, grind”).
Pronunciation
edit- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /tré.pʰɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈtre.pʰo/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈtre.ɸo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈtre.fo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈtre.fo/
Verb
editτρέφω • (tréphō)
- to make to grow, to increase, bring up, breed, rear (especially of children)
- to maintain, support
- to bring up, rear, educate
- to thicken, congeal, curdle
Inflection
editnumber | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔτρεφον | ἔτρεφες | ἔτρεφε(ν) | ἐτρέφετον | ἐτρεφέτην | ἐτρέφομεν | ἐτρέφετε | ἔτρεφον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐτρεφόμην | ἐτρέφου | ἐτρέφετο | ἐτρέφεσθον | ἐτρεφέσθην | ἐτρεφόμεθᾰ | ἐτρέφεσθε | ἐτρέφοντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | θρέψω | θρέψεις | θρέψει | θρέψετον | θρέψετον | θρέψομεν | θρέψετε | θρέψουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | θρέψοιμῐ | θρέψοις | θρέψοι | θρέψοιτον | θρεψοίτην | θρέψοιμεν | θρέψοιτε | θρέψοιεν | |||||
middle | indicative | θρέψομαι | θρέψῃ, θρέψει |
θρέψεται | θρέψεσθον | θρέψεσθον | θρεψόμεθᾰ | θρέψεσθε | θρέψονται | ||||
optative | θρεψοίμην | θρέψοιο | θρέψοιτο | θρέψοισθον | θρεψοίσθην | θρεψοίμεθᾰ | θρέψοισθε | θρέψοιντο | |||||
passive | indicative | τρᾰφήσομαι | τρᾰφήσῃ | τρᾰφήσεται | τρᾰφήσεσθον | τρᾰφήσεσθον | τρᾰφησόμεθᾰ | τρᾰφήσεσθε | τρᾰφήσονται | ||||
optative | τρᾰφησοίμην | τρᾰφήσοιο | τρᾰφήσοιτο | τρᾰφήσοισθον | τρᾰφησοίσθην | τρᾰφησοίμεθᾰ | τρᾰφήσοισθε | τρᾰφήσοιντο | |||||
active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
infinitive | θρέψειν | θρέψεσθαι | τρᾰφήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
participle | m | θρέψων | θρεψόμενος | τρᾰφησόμενος | |||||||||
f | θρέψουσᾰ | θρεψομένη | τρᾰφησομένη | ||||||||||
n | θρέψον | θρεψόμενον | τρᾰφησόμενον | ||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | τέτροφᾰ | τέτροφᾰς | τέτροφε(ν) | τετρόφᾰτον | τετρόφᾰτον | τετρόφᾰμεν | τετρόφᾰτε | τετρόφᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | τετρόφω | τετρόφῃς | τετρόφῃ | τετρόφητον | τετρόφητον | τετρόφωμεν | τετρόφητε | τετρόφωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | τετρόφοιμῐ, τετροφοίην |
τετρόφοις, τετροφοίης |
τετρόφοι, τετροφοίη |
τετρόφοιτον | τετροφοίτην | τετρόφοιμεν | τετρόφοιτε | τετρόφοιεν | |||||
imperative | τέτροφε | τετροφέτω | τετρόφετον | τετροφέτων | τετρόφετε | τετροφόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | τετροφέναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | τετροφώς | |||||||||||
f | τετροφυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | τετροφός | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
edit- ἀνατρέφω (anatréphō)
- ἀντεκτρέφω (antektréphō)
- ἀντιτρέφω (antitréphō)
- ἀποτρέφω (apotréphō)
- βουτρόφος (boutróphos)
- διατρέφω (diatréphō)
- ἐκτρέφω (ektréphō)
- ἐντρέφω (entréphō)
- ἐπανατρέφω (epanatréphō)
- ἐπιτρέφω (epitréphō)
- θρεπτῐκός (threptikós)
- θρεπτός (threptós)
- ἰχθυοτρόφος (ikhthuotróphos)
- λῐπᾰρότροφος (liparótrophos)
- μετατρέφω (metatréphō)
- ὀλιγότροφος (oligótrophos)
- παρατρέφω (paratréphō)
- περιτρέφω (peritréphō)
- πολύτροφος (polútrophos)
- προσανατρέφω (prosanatréphō)
- προστρέφω (prostréphō)
- προτρέφω (protréphō)
- προϋποτρέφω (proüpotréphō)
- συμπαρατρέφω (sumparatréphō)
- συνανατρέφω (sunanatréphō)
- συνδιατρέφω (sundiatréphō)
- συνεκτρέφω (sunektréphō)
- συντρέφω (suntréphō)
- τεθρῐπποτρόφος (tethrippotróphos)
- τρόφος (tróphos)
- ὑποτρέφω (hupotréphō)
- ψῡχοτρόφος (psūkhotróphos)
References
edit- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τρέφω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1504ff-1506
Further reading
edit- “τρέφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “τρέφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “τρέφω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- τρέφω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- τρέφω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “τρέφω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G5142 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- board idem, page 86.
- breed idem, page 97.
- bring idem, page 99.
- cater idem, page 118.
- cherish idem, page 129.
- cultivate idem, page 188.
- educate idem, page 262.
- entertain idem, page 277.
- fatten idem, page 310.
- feed idem, page 313.
- foster idem, page 340.
- grow idem, page 376.
- harbour idem, page 385.
- keep idem, page 467.
- maintain idem, page 508.
- nourish idem, page 562.
- nurse idem, page 563.
- nurture idem, page 563.
- rear idem, page 676.
- support idem, page 841.
- sustain idem, page 846.
- teach idem, page 859.
- train idem, page 886.
Greek
editEtymology
editInherited from Ancient Greek τρέφω (tréphō), probably from Proto-Hellenic *tʰrépʰō.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editτρέφω • (tréfo) (past έθρεψα, passive τρέφομαι, p‑past τράφηκα, ppp θρεμμένος)
- (transitive) to feed, nourish, maintain
- (intransitive) to heal, be raised
Conjugation
editActive voice ➤ | Passive voice ➤ | |||
Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | Present | Dependent |
1 sg | τρέφω (θρέφω →) | θρέψω | τρέφομαι (→ θρέφομαι) | τραφώ (→ θραφώ) |
2 sg | τρέφεις | θρέψεις | τρέφεσαι | τραφείς |
3 sg | τρέφει | θρέψει | τρέφεται | τραφεί |
1 pl | τρέφουμε, [‑ομε] | θρέψουμε, [‑ομε] | τρεφόμαστε | τραφούμε |
2 pl | τρέφετε | θρέψετε | τρέφεστε, τρεφόσαστε | τραφείτε |
3 pl | τρέφουν(ε) | θρέψουν(ε) | τρέφονται | τραφούν(ε) |
Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | Imperfect | Simple past |
1 sg | έτρεφα | έθρεψα | τρεφόμουν(α) | τράφηκα (→ θράφηκα) |
2 sg | έτρεφες | έθρεψες | τρεφόσουν(α) | τράφηκες |
3 sg | έτρεφε | έθρεψε | τρεφόταν(ε) | τράφηκε |
1 pl | τρέφαμε | θρέψαμε | τρεφόμασταν, (‑όμαστε) | τραφήκαμε |
2 pl | τρέφατε | θρέψατε | τρεφόσασταν, (‑όσαστε) | τραφήκατε |
3 pl | έτρεφαν, τρέφαν(ε) | έθρεψαν, θρέψαν(ε) | τρέφονταν, (τρεφόντουσαν) | τράφηκαν, τραφήκαν(ε) |
Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | Continuous | Simple |
1 sg | θα τρέφω ➤ | θα θρέψω ➤ | θα τρέφομαι ➤ | θα τραφώ ➤ |
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα τρέφεις, … | θα θρέψεις, … | θα τρέφεσαι, … | θα τραφείς, … |
Perfect aspect ➤ | Perfect aspect | |||
Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … θρέψει έχω, έχεις, … θρεμμένο, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ |
έχω, έχεις, … τραφεί είμαι, είσαι, … θρεμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … θρέψει είχα, είχες, … θρεμμένο, ‑η, ‑ο |
είχα, είχες, … τραφεί ήμουν, ήσουν, … θρεμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … θρέψει θα έχω, θα έχεις, … θρεμμένο, ‑η, ‑ο |
θα έχω, θα έχεις, … τραφεί θα είμαι, θα είσαι, … θρεμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
2 sg | τρέφε | θρέψε | — | θρέψου |
2 pl | τρέφετε | θρέψτε | τρέφεστε | τραφείτε |
Other forms | Active voice | Passive voice | ||
Present participle➤ | τρέφοντας ➤ | — | ||
Perfect participle➤ | έχοντας θρέψει ➤ | θρεμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
Nonfinite form➤ | θρέψει | τραφεί | ||
Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
• (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Synonyms
edit- (feed): ταΐζω (taḯzo)
Related terms
edit- θρέψη f (thrépsi)
- θρέψιμο n (thrépsimo)
- θρεπτός (threptós)
- τροφέας m (troféas)
- τροφή f (trofí, “food”)
- -τροφία f (-trofía, “breeding of”)
- τροφικός (trofikós, “of food”)
- τρόφιμο n (trófimo, “food”)
- τρόφιμος m (trófimos, “inmate; boarder”)
- τροφοδοσία f (trofodosía, “supply”)
- τροφοδότης m (trofodótis, “supplier”)
- τροφοδοτώ (trofodotó, “I supply”)
- -τρόφος m or f (-trófos, “breeder of”)
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms borrowed from a Pre-Greek substrate
- Ancient Greek terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek poetic terms
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek verbs
- Greek transitive verbs
- Greek intransitive verbs
- Greek verb conjugation group 'τρέφω'