پیش

See also: بئش, بیس, بيس, تیس, and بئس

Persian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (pyš /⁠pēš⁠/, “before, pre-, past, beside”), of unclear further origin. Multiple theories have been proposed:^[1]

Horn takes the word as a derivative of Old Persian [script needed] (patiš, “against”), from Proto-Iranian *pati- (“against”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front; first”); this is rejected by Hubschmann.
Nyberg considers the word as a southwestern dialectal form of Old Persian [script needed] (paišiyā, “in front, before”); however, he does not elaborate further.^[2]
Gershevitch derives the word from Proto-Iranian *pasya-, from Proto-Iranian *pas- (“to observe, look”) (with phonetic assimilation of *sy- to š-, ala the shift from Proto-Iranian *kacyápah (“tortoise, turtle”) to Persian (kašaf, “tortoise, turtle”)), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to see, look, observe”).
Most likely, according to Edelman, is a derivation from an earlier Proto-Iranian *pati-aši- (“before or against one's eyes”), from Proto-Iranian *pati- (“against”) + *Háši (“eye”), the latter from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hákši (“eye”). This would make the word an exact cognate with Sanskrit प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa, “present before the eyes, obvious, clear”).

Pronunciation edit


Iranian Persian	پیش
Dari	پیش
Tajik	пеш

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [peːʃ]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [pʰeːʃ]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [pʰeːʃ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [pʰeːʃ]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [pʰiːʃ]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [pʰeʃ]

Readings
Classical reading^?	pēš
Dari reading^?	pēš
Iranian reading^?	piš
Tajik reading^?	peš

Noun edit

پیش • (piš)^[3]

front part
Antonyms: پس (pas), پشت (pošt)
(with ezâfe) in front of, before
― piš-e šâhenšâh ― before the king; in front of the king

Adjective edit

پیش • (piš)

ago, before, past
― panj sâ'at-e piš ― five hours ago

― hafte-ye piš ― last week
of the past

Adverb edit

پیش • (piš)

before, previously
― az moddat-hâ piš ― from a long time ago
in advance
(of movement) forward, ahead

Derived terms edit

از پیش (az piš, “from old”)
پیش آمدن (piš âmadan, “to happen, to come up”)
پیش آوردن (piš âvordan, “to put forth”)
پیش از (piš az, “before”)
پیش افتادن (piš oftâdan, “to outrun”)
پیش بردن (piš bordan, “to win”)
پیش رفتن (piš raftan, “to progress”)
پیش کشیدن (piš kešidan, “to take up”)
پیش گرفتن (piš gereftan, “to set oneself to”)
پیشانی (pišâni, “forehead”)
پیشتخته (piš-taxte, “desk”)

Descendants edit

→ Azerbaijani: piş
→ Bengali: পেশ (peś)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: पेश (peś)

Urdu: پیش (peś)
→ Northern Kurdish: pêş
→ Ottoman Turkish: پش (peş)
- Turkish: peş
- → Middle Armenian: փէշ (pʻēš)
  - Armenian: փեշ (pʻeš)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਪੇਸ਼ (peś)

Shahmukhi script: پیش (peś)
→ Uzbek: pesh

References edit

^ Edelʹman, D. I. (2020) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 248
^ Nyberg, H. S. (1974) “pērōz-kar”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 161a
^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “pēš”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press

Urdu edit

Etymology edit

Borrowed from Classical Persian (pēš).

Pronunciation edit

(Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /peːʃ/
Rhymes: -eːʃ

Adjective edit

پیش • (peś) (Hindi spelling पेश)

[1] Edelʹman, D. I. (2020) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 248

[2] Nyberg, H. S. (1974) “pērōz-kar”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 161a

[3] MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “pēš”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press

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