Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*per-

before, in front
first

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before) (51 c, 0 e)

*pér (“through”)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-^[2]
  - Lithuanian: per, per-, par-
  - Latvian: par, par-
  - Old Prussian: per
  - Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: per, per- (or from *péri^[3]) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *per és^[1]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás
      - Sanskrit: परस् (parás)
    - Proto-Iranian: *paráh
      - Avestan:
        Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)
        
        Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)
      - Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠para⁠/, “on the other side (of)”)

*pér-i (“around”) (with locative suffix *-i)
*per-nóy^[4] or *pér-ero-s^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
*pér-o-
- Proto-Anatolian: *péro-
  - Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras
    - Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *párah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)
    - ? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)
- Proto-Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram
    - → Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)
*pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))
*por-so-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: porrō
*pr̥-
- Proto-Italic: *por-
  - Latin: por-
*pr-eh₂-
*pr-és
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)
*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)
*pr-éy (dative)
*pr-ey-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīvus
*pr-i-is
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs
  - Gaulish: ris
  - Old Irish: ré
    - Irish: roimh
    - Scottish Gaelic: ro
*pr-i-is-ḱo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīscus
*pr-i-is-m̥mos
- Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)
  - Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
  - Paelignian: Prismu
*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-m^[5]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis) (with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-yōs
- Proto-Italic: *priōs
  - Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)
*pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)
*pr̥H-e/o-s^[6]
- Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a
  - Albanian: përpara
    - Albanian: para
*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
*pr̥-sth₂-o/i-^[7]^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old English: fyrst
  - Old High German: first
    - Middle High German: virst
      - German: First
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: postis (or from *po-sth₂-i-^[8])
*pŕ̥-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥-tero-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)
*pr-u-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)^[9]
Proto-Tocharian: *pre^[10]

Root

*per-^[11] (perhaps related to previous root, as "front" > "go forth" or vice versa)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (fare) (31 c, 0 e)

*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - ⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /⁠frafraʼā⁠/, 1sg.aor.subj.) (thematized; + *fra-)
*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō
  - Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)
*por-éye-ti (causative)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pariti (or from *(s)per- (“to fly”)^[12]) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
    - Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati
    - ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.) (+ *ni-)
*por-ti (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)
*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti
    - Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)
*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti ^?
- Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō
  - Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)
*per-ih₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa
  - Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)^[13]
*per-ih₂-ye-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior
*per-ih₂-to-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: perītus
*per-ih₂-tlom
- Proto-Italic: *perītlom
  - Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)
*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)
*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s
*por-dʰmo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)
*pōr-i-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)
*pór-mo-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas
  - Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)
*por-os
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás
    - Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: pere^[14]
*por-teh₂
- Proto-Italic: *portā
  - Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō
    - Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
    - Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust
*por-ti-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
- Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)
Proto-Albanian: *priś
- Albanian: prish
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)
Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*per-^[15]^[16]

to beat

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (beat) (6 c, 0 e)

*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))
*pér-e-ti (thematic present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei
  - Latvian: pèrt (1sg. peŗu)
  - Lithuanian: per̃ti (1sg. periù)
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”) (1sg. *perǫ) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-^[16]
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)
  - ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)^[17]^[18]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “1.*pér, *pérā̆, *pérām, *pérti 'durch, darüber hinaus, über; sehr'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 607-614
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 352
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 459
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ferrai”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*pr̥-, *pró, *prí 'vorwärts, vorne'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 633-649
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “para”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 311: “IE”
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 552
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “postis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 484
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “*heṙ- 'far'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 404
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “enepre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*per- 'hindurchkommen, durchqueren'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 472
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 579-580
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πεῖρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1162-3
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “akwam-pere”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 4
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “3.*per- 'schlagen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 473
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*par³ 'to fight, struggle'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 294
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*part 'to fight, struggle'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*pert- 'in Streit geraten, kämpfen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 477

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-

Contents

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Derived terms

Root

Derived terms

Root

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading