Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-
Proto-Indo-European
editRoot
edit*per-
Derived terms
edit- *pér-i (“around”) (with locative suffix *-i)
- *per-nóy[4] or *pér-ero-s[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
- *pér-o-
- Proto-Anatolian: *péro-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras
- Proto-Italic:
- ⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram
- → Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)
- ⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram
- *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))
- *por-so-
- *pr̥-
- *pr-eh₂-
- *pr-és
- Proto-Hellenic:
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)
- *pr-éy (dative)
- *pr-ey-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: prīvus
- Proto-Italic:
- *pr-i-is
- *pr-i-is-ḱo-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: prīscus
- Proto-Italic:
- *pr-i-is-m̥mos
- *pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
- *pr-i-m[5]
- *pr-i-yōs
- *pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)
- *pr̥H-e/o-s[6]
- Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a
- *pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
- Proto-Armenian:
- *pr̥-sth₂-o/i-[7][5]
- *pŕ̥-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)
- *pr̥-tero-
- *pr-u-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Unsorted formations
Root
edit*per-[11] (perhaps related to previous root, as "front" > "go forth" or vice versa)
Derived terms
edit- *pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)
- *pér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- *por-éye-ti (causative)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
- Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)
- Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati
- ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieiṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.) (+ *ni-)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
- *por-ti (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)
- *pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)
- *pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti ?
- *per-ih₂
- *per-ih₂-ye-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior
- Proto-Italic:
- *per-ih₂-to-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: perītus
- Proto-Italic:
- *per-ih₂-tlom
- *pér-tu-s (“crossing”)
- *pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s
- *por-dʰmo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *pōr-i-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)
- *pór-mo-s
- *por-os
- *por-teh₂
- *por-ti-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations
- Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
- Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)
- Proto-Albanian: *priś
- Albanian: prish
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)
- Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)
Root
edit- to beat
Derived terms
edit- *pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)
- *pér-e-ti (thematic present)
- Unsorted formations
- Proto-Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “1.*pér, *pérā̆, *pérām, *pérti 'durch, darüber hinaus, über; sehr'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 607-614
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 352
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 459
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ferrai”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*pr̥-, *pró, *prí 'vorwärts, vorne'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 633-649
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “para”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 311: “IE”
- ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 552
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “postis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 484
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “*heṙ- 'far'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 404
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “enepre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*per- 'hindurchkommen, durchqueren'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 472
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 579-580
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πεῖρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1162-3
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “akwam-pere”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 4
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “3.*per- 'schlagen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 473
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*par³ 'to fight, struggle'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 294
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*part 'to fight, struggle'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*pert- 'in Streit geraten, kämpfen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 477
Further reading
edit- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 810-818