Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Root

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    *per-

    1. before, in front
    2. first

    Derived terms

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    • *pér (through)[1]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-[2]
      • Proto-Italic:
      • *per és[1]
    • *pér-i (around) (with locative suffix *-i)
    • *per-nóy[4] or *pér-ero-s[1]
      • Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
    • *pér-o-
    • *pér-uti (last year) (with *wet- (year))
    • *por-so-
    • *pr̥-
    • *pr-eh₂-
    • *pr-és
    • *pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (towards, against)
    • *pr-éy (dative)
    • *pr-ey-wo-
    • *pr-i-is
    • *pr-i-is-ḱo-
    • *pr-i-is-m̥mos
      • Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)
        • Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
        • Paelignian: Prismu
    • *pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr-i-m[5]
      • Proto-Celtic:
        • Old Irish: ri (before, prep., triggers eclipsis) (with variants re, from umlaut before o or a)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
    • *pr-i-yōs
      • Proto-Italic: *priōs
        • Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)
    • *pr̥H-e/o-s[6]
    • *pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
      • Proto-Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
    • *pr̥-sth₂-o/i-[7][5]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Italic:
    • *pŕ̥-to-
      • Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr̥-tero-
      • Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz
        • Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr-u-
    Unsorted formations

    Root

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      *per-[11] (perhaps related to previous root, as "front" > "go forth" or vice versa)

      1. to go through
      2. to carry forth, fare
      3. to try, dare, risk

      Derived terms

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      Unsorted formations
      • Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
        • Albanian: prura (bring (along), lead (up/forward))
      • Proto-Albanian: *priś
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: paramà f (support, help, noun)
      • Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (danger) (see there for further descendants)

      Root

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        *per-[15][16]

        1. to beat

        Derived terms

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        • *pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)
        • *pér-e-ti (thematic present)
          • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei
            • Latvian: pèrt (1sg. peŗu)
            • Lithuanian: per̃ti (1sg. periù)
            • Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (to beat) (1sg. *perǫ) (see there for further descendants)
        Unsorted formations
        • Proto-Armenian:
          • >? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, hammer)

        Descendants

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        References

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        1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “1.*pér, *pérā̆, *pérām, *pérti 'durch, darüber hinaus, über; sehr'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 607-614
        2. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 352
        3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 459
        4. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ferrai”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137
        5. 5.0 5.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*pr̥-, *pró, *prí 'vorwärts, vorne'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 633-649
        6. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “para”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 311:IE
        7. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 552
        8. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “postis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 484
        9. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “*heṙ- 'far'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 404
        10. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “enepre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
        11. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*per- 'hindurchkommen, durchqueren'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 472
        12. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 579-580
        13. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πεῖρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1162-3
        14. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “akwam-pere”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 4
        15. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “3.*per- 'schlagen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 473
        16. 16.0 16.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*par³ 'to fight, struggle'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 294
        17. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*part 'to fight, struggle'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298
        18. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*pert- 'in Streit geraten, kämpfen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 477

        Further reading

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