下降

Chinese

		under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter	to drop; to fall; to come down to drop; to fall; to come down; to descend; to surrender
trad. (下降)		下	降
simp. #(下降)		下	降
anagram		降下

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiàjiàng

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haa⁶ gong³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ha-kong
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hǎ-kàng / hā-kàng / hēe-kàng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hia⁶ gang³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiàjiàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàjiàng
    • Wade–Giles: hsia⁴-chiang⁴
    • Yale: syà-jyàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahjianq
    • Palladius: сяцзян (sjaczjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: haa⁶ gong³
    • Yale: hah gong
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶ gong³
    • Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶ gong³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²² kɔːŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha-kong
    • Hakka Romanization System: ha gong
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ha⁴ gong⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵ koŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-kàng
    • Tâi-lô: hǎ-kàng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² kaŋ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-kàng
    • Tâi-lô: hā-kàng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haxkaxng
    • IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-kàng
    • Tâi-lô: hēe-kàng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hia⁶ gang³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă kàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hia³⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ²¹³/

Verb

下降

1. (literally) to drop; to fall; to descend
2. (figuratively) to decline; to go down; to decrease
3. (archaic, of a princess) to get married

Synonyms

• (to decline): 暴跌 (bàodiē), 低落 (dīluò)

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “to decline”): 高漲／高涨 (gāozhǎng), 上升 (shàngshēng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
下	降
か Grade: 1	こう Grade: 6
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かこー [kàkóó] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠ko̞ː]

Noun

下(か)降(こう) • (kakō) 

1. descent, fall

Antonyms

• 上昇(じょうしょう) (jōshō)

Verb

下(か)降(こう)する • (kakō suru) intransitive suru (stem 下(か)降(こう)し (kakō shi), past 下(か)降(こう)した (kakō shita))

1. descend, fall

   年々人気(ねんねんにんき)が下(か)降(こう)している

   nennen ninki ga kakō shite iru

   its popularity has been going down year by year

Conjugation

Conjugation of "下降する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	下降し	かこうし	kakō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	下降し	かこうし	kakō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	下降する	かこうする	kakō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	下降する	かこうする	kakō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	下降すれ	かこうすれ	kakō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	下降せよ¹ 下降しろ²	かこうせよ¹ かこうしろ²	kakō seyo¹ kakō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	下降される	かこうされる	kakō sareru
Causative	下降させる 下降さす	かこうさせる かこうさす	kakō saseru kakō sasu
Potential	下降できる	かこうできる	kakō dekiru
Volitional	下降しよう	かこうしよう	kakō shiyō
Negative	下降しない	かこうしない	kakō shinai
Negative continuative	下降せず	かこうせず	kakō sezu
Formal	下降します	かこうします	kakō shimasu
Perfective	下降した	かこうした	kakō shita
Conjunctive	下降して	かこうして	kakō shite
Hypothetical conditional	下降すれば	かこうすれば	kakō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative