下
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TranslingualEdit
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Han characterEdit
下 (radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 76, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
- Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 7, character 1
- Unihan data for U+4E0B
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
下 | |
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| variant forms | 丅 𠄟 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 下 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
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| Old Chinese | |
| 丅 | *ɡraːʔ |
| 下 | *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs |
| 芐 | *ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ |
下 in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast 上). The shell and bone form evolved into 下, the character used today.
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT);
- insides Sinitic, cognate to 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ) "to fall, to drop", 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
- outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC graːʔ) "to descend, down, below" to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ.
- 下 (OC *gra:s) "to be put down" is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
- 下 (OC *gra:s) "to descend, to fall" is a later, general 去聲／去声 (qùshēng) derivative (ibid.).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
下
- lower part, low position; down
- Antonyms: 上 (shàng)
- under
- low
- inferior, poor
- 下品 ― xiàpǐn ― inferior products
- next
- 下次 ― xiàcì ― next time
- to go down; to get out of
- to go to
- 下海 ― xiàhǎi ― to go to sea
- to fall down; to rain or snow
- to give; to issue
- 下令 ― xiàlìng ― to issue an order
- to put in
- to begin, to start
- to finish, to complete
- 下班 ― xiàbān ― to get off work
- to give birth (as an animal)
- to lay (egg)
- 下蛋 ― xiàdàn ― to lay eggs
- (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
- (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
- with, under
- Used after a verb to express height.
- Used after a verb to express space.
- Used after a verb to express the separation of an object.
- Used after a verb to express the end of an action.
- Classifier for the number of actions.
See alsoEdit
DescendantsEdit
CompoundsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “Entry #175”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
- Kun: した (shita, 下, Jōyō); しも (shimo, 下, Jōyō); もと (moto, 下, Jōyō); さがる (sagaru, 下がる, Jōyō); さげる (sageru, 下げる, Jōyō); くだる (kudaru, 下る, Jōyō); くだす (kudasu, 下す, Jōyō); くださる (kudasaru, 下さる, Jōyō); おりる (oriru, 下りる, Jōyō); おろす (orosu, 下ろす, Jōyō)
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| した Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
/sita/ → /ɕita/
From Old Japanese.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| しも Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨simo1⟩ → /simʷo/ → /ɕimo/
From Old Japanese.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| もと Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
Cognate with 本 (moto, “origin”).[3][4]
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Etymology 4Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| げ Grade: 1 |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Etymology 5Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| か Grade: 1 |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
AffixEdit
SuffixEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
KoreanEdit
OkinawanEdit
EtymologyEdit
Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや.[1]
Cognate with mainland Japanese 下 (shita).
NounEdit
下 (hiragana しちゃ, romaji shicha)
- the below
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46
Old JapaneseEdit
Etymology 1Edit
NounEdit
下 (sita) (kana した)
- the below
- looking down
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 57)
- ...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...
- ...sasibu wo sasibu no2 ki2 si ga sita ni opi2dateru pabi1ro2 yu tu ma-tubaki1...
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 57)
- a place
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 5)
- ..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...
- ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno1 no2 siro1ki1 tadamuki...
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 5)
- Antonym: 上 (upe2)
- looking down
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Japanese: 下 (shita)
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
下 (simo1 → simo) (kana しも)
DescendantsEdit
- Japanese: 下 (shimo)