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下

下 U+4E0B, 下
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B
← 上
[U+4E0A]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 丌 →
[U+4E0C]
See also: 丅 and 卞

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

下 (radical 1 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)

  1. under, underneath, below
  2. down
  3. inferior
  4. bring down

AntonymsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 76, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
  • Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 7, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E0B

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 下
alt. forms 丅
𠄟

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 下
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
       
Oracle bone script
 

j00145
 

j00146
 

j00147
 

j00148
 

j00149
 

j00150
 

j00151
 

j00152
 

j00153
 

j00154
 

j00155
 

j00156
 

j00157
 

j00158
 

j00159
 

j00160
 

j00161
 

j00162
Bronze inscriptions
 

b00153
 

b00154
 

b00155
 

b00156
 

b00157
 

b00158
 

b00159
 

b00160
 

b00161
 

b00162
Large seal script
 

L34992
 

L34993
 

L34994
 

L34995
 

L34996
 

L34997
 

L34998
 

L34999
 

L35000
 

L35001
 

L17177
 

L17178
 

L17179
 

L17180
 

L17181
 

L17182
 

L17183
Small seal script
 

s00016
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (large seal) and
  • Xu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
丅 *ɡraːʔ
下 *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs
芐 *ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ

下 in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast 上). The shell and bone form evolved into 下, the character used today.

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • ha4 - vernacular;
  • xia4 - literary.
Note:
  • hā/hǎ/hēe - literary;
  • hē/hě/hēe/khē/khě, ē/ě/ēe, kē/kě/kēe (often replaced by 低) - vernacular.
Note:
  • 3hho - vernacular;
  • 2xia - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 下 (底下) 下 (下降) 下 (等一下子)
Mandarin Beijing /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/
Harbin /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
Tianjin /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/
Jinan /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/
Qingdao /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/
Xi'an /xa⁴⁴/ ～頭 /ɕia⁴⁴/ /xa⁴⁴/
Xining /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Yinchuan /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/
Lanzhou /xa¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
Ürümqi /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Wuhan /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/
/xa³⁵/
Chengdu /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
Guiyang /xa²¹³/
/ɕia²¹³/ 		/ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Kunming /ɕia̠²¹²/ /ɕia̠²¹²/ /xa̠²¹²/
Nanjing /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
Hefei /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xa⁴⁵/ /ɕia⁴⁵/ /xa⁴⁵/
/ɕia⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/
Hohhot /ɕiaʔ⁰/ /ɕia⁵⁵/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɦo²³/
/ɕia⁵³/ 		/ɦo²³/
/ɕia⁵³/ 		/ɕiɪʔ⁵/ (歇)
Suzhou /ɦo³¹/ /ɦo³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦo³⁵/ /ɦo²²/ /o⁴²/
Hui Shexian /ɕia²²/
/xa³⁵/ 		/ɕia²²/
/xa²²/ 		/xa²²/
Tunxi /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xa¹¹/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
/ɕia¹¹/ 		/xa¹¹/
Xiangtan /ɦɒ²¹/ /ɕiɒ²¹/ /ɦɒ²¹/
Gan Nanchang /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/
Hakka Meixian /ha⁴⁴/ /ha³¹/ /ha⁵³/
Taoyuan /hɑ²⁴/ /hɑ⁵⁵/ /hɑ⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha²³/
Nanning /ha²⁴/ /ha²²/ /ha²²/
Hong Kong /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha¹³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ha²²/
/ke²²/ 		/ha²²/ /ha²²/
/e²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ɑ²⁴²/ /kiɑ²⁴²/ /hɑ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tai²¹/ /a⁴²/ /xa⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /e³⁵/ /hia³⁵/ /e³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ɛ³³/ /ɛ³³/ /ɛ²³/
Rime
Character 下 下
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 麻 (98) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 胡雅切 胡駕切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦˠaX/ /ɦˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦᵚaX/ /ɦᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦaɨX/ /ɦaɨH/
Li
Rong		 /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Wang
Li		 /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 xià xià
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 下 下
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 xià xià
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hæX › ‹ hæH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡˤraʔ/ /*m-ɡˤraʔ-s/
English down descend

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 下 下
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 13445 13446
Phonetic
component		 下 下
Rime
group		 魚 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 下 暇
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡraːʔ/ /*ɡraːs/

DefinitionsEdit

下

  1. lower part, low position; down
    Antonyms: 上 (shàng)
  2. under
  3. low
  4. inferior, poor
    • 下品  ―  xiàpǐn  ―  inferior products
  5. next
    • 下次  ―  xiàcì  ―  next time
  6. to go down; to get out of
    • 下船  ―  xiàchuán  ―  to disembark from a boat
    • 下樓 / 下楼  ―  xiàlóu  ―  to go downstairs
    • 下山  ―  xiàshān  ―  to go down the mountain
    • 走下  ―  zǒuxià  ―  to walk down
    • 下床  ―  xiàchuáng  ―  to get out of bed
  7. to fall down; to rain or snow
    • 落下  ―  luòxià  ―  to fall down
    • 下雪  ―  xiàxuě  ―  to snow
    • 下雨  ―  xiàyǔ  ―  to rain
  8. to give; to issue
    • 下令  ―  xiàlìng  ―  to issue an order
  9. to put in
    • 下麵條 / 下面条  ―  xià miàntiáo  ―  to put noodles into boiling water
  10. to begin, to start
  11. to finish, to complete
    • 下班  ―  xiàbān  ―  to get off work
    • 下課 / 下课  ―  xiàkè  ―  to finish class
  12. to give birth (as an animal)
    • 下豬仔 / 下猪仔  ―  xià zhūzǐ  ―  to have piglets
  13. to lay (egg)
    • 下蛋  ―  xiàdàn  ―  to lay eggs
  14. (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
  15. (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
  16. with, under
    在藥師指導下 / 在药师指导下  ―  zài yàoshī zhǐdǎo xià  ―  under the instruction of a pharmacist
  17. Used after a verb to express height.
  18. Used after a verb to express space.
  19. Used after a verb to express the separation of an object.
  20. Used after a verb to express the end of an action.
  21. Classifier for the number of actions.

See alsoEdit

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 下

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

下

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
下
した
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

下 (hiragana した, rōmaji shita)

  1. the below

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
下
しも
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

下 (hiragana しも, rōmaji shimo)

  1. lower portion, end

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
下
もと
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

下 (hiragana もと, rōmaji moto)

  1. lower portion; base
  2. under the influence of

Etymology 4Edit

Kanji in this term
下
げ
Grade: 1
on'yomi

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

下 (hiragana か, rōmaji -ka)

  1. under a situation

NounEdit

下 (hiragana げ, rōmaji ge)

  1. the last volume in a two- or three-volume set

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

下 • (ha)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 하 (revised: ha, McCune-Reischauer: ha)
    • Name (hangeul): 아래 (revised: alae, McCune-Reischauer: arae)
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

ReferencesEdit

OkinawanEdit

EtymologyEdit

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや (shichiya).[1]

NounEdit

下 (hiragana しちゃ, romaji shicha)

  1. under

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

下 (hạ)

  1. Below
  2. To go below, under, or to fall

下山: to go down a mountain

  1. To sent:

下令: to command, to sent an order

  1. Strip off:

下枪: to strip off one's weapon

  1. To decide:

下藥: to give prescription

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