下
| Character | 下 U+4E0B, 下 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Name | CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B | ||
| Block | CJK Unified Ideographs | ||
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Contents
TranslingualEdit
| Stroke order | |||
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Han characterEdit
下 (radical 1 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)
AntonymsEdit
See alsoEdit
- 氐 (also means “down” in some uses)
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 76, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
- Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 7, character 1
- Unihan data for U+4E0B
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
下 | |
|---|---|---|
| alt. forms | 丅 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 下
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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下 in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast 上). The shell and bone form evolved into 下, the character used today. (See earlier forms here.)
PronunciationEdit
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
- Wade-Giles: hsia4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
- IPA (key): /ɕi̯a̠⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: haa6, haa5
- Yale: hah, háh
- Cantonese Pinyin: haa6, haa5
- IPA (key): /hɑː²²/, /hɑː¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Min Nan
-
Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 下 (底下) | 下 (下降) | 下 (等一下子) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕia⁵¹/ | /ɕia⁵¹/ | /ɕia⁵¹/ |
| Harbin | /ɕia⁵³/ | /ɕia⁵³/ | /ɕia⁵³/ | |
| Tianjin | /ɕiɑ⁵³/ | /ɕiɑ⁵³/ | /ɕiɑ⁵³/ | |
| Jinan | /ɕia²¹/ | /ɕia²¹/ | /ɕia²¹/ | |
| Qingdao | /ɕia⁴²/ | /ɕia⁴²/ | /ɕia⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ɕia³¹²/ | /ɕia³¹²/ | /ɕia³¹²/ | |
| Xi'an | /xa⁴⁴/ ～頭 | /ɕia⁴⁴/ | /xa⁴⁴/ | |
| Xining | /xa²¹³/ | /ɕia²¹³/ | /xa²¹³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ɕia¹³/ | /ɕia¹³/ | /ɕia¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /xa¹³/ | /ɕia¹³/ | /xa¹³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /xa²¹³/ | /ɕia²¹³/ | /xa²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /ɕia³⁵/ | /ɕia³⁵/ | /ɕia³⁵/ /xa³⁵/ |
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| Chengdu | /ɕia¹³/ | /ɕia¹³/ | /xa¹³/ | |
| Guiyang | /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ |
/ɕia²¹³/ | /xa²¹³/ | |
| Kunming | /ɕia̠²¹²/ | /ɕia̠²¹²/ | /xa̠²¹²/ | |
| Nanjing | /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ | /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ | /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /ɕia⁵³/ | /ɕia⁵³/ | /ɕia⁵³/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xa⁴⁵/ | /ɕia⁴⁵/ | /xa⁴⁵/ /ɕia⁴⁵/ |
| Pingyao | /xɑ³⁵/ | /xɑ³⁵/ | /xɑ³⁵/ | |
| Hohhot | /ɕiaʔ⁰/ | /ɕia⁵⁵/ | /ɕia⁵⁵/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦo²³/ /ɕia⁵³/ |
/ɦo²³/ /ɕia⁵³/ |
/ɕiɪʔ⁵/ (歇) |
| Suzhou | /ɦo³¹/ | /ɦo³¹/ | ||
| Hangzhou | /ɦiɑ¹³/ | /ɦiɑ¹³/ | /ɦiɑ¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ɦo³⁵/ | /ɦo²²/ | /o⁴²/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕia²²/ /xa³⁵/ |
/ɕia²²/ /xa²²/ |
/xa²²/ |
| Tunxi | /xɔ²⁴/ | /xɔ²⁴/ | /xɔ¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xa¹¹/ | /ɕia⁵⁵/ /ɕia¹¹/ |
/xa¹¹/ |
| Xiangtan | /ɦɒ²¹/ | /ɕiɒ²¹/ | /ɦɒ²¹/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hɑ²¹/ | /hɑ²¹/ | /hɑ²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ha⁴⁴/ | /ha³¹/ | /ha⁵³/ |
| Taoyuan | /hɑ²⁴/ | /hɑ⁵⁵/ | /hɑ⁵⁵/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ha²²/ | /ha²²/ | /ha²³/ |
| Nanning | /ha²⁴/ | /ha²²/ | /ha²²/ | |
| Hong Kong | /ha²²/ | /ha²²/ | /ha¹³/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /ha²²/ /ke²²/ |
/ha²²/ | /ha²²/ /e²²/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /ɑ²⁴²/ | /kiɑ²⁴²/ | /hɑ²⁴²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /tai²¹/ | /a⁴²/ | /xa⁴⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /e³⁵/ | /hia³⁵/ | /e³¹/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /ɛ³³/ | /ɛ³³/ | /ɛ²³/ |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 下 | 下 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 胡雅切 | 胡駕切 |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦˠaX/ | /ɦˠaH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ɦᵚaX/ | /ɦᵚaH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ɣaX/ | /ɣaH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦaɨX/ | /ɦaɨH/ |
| Li Rong |
/ɣaX/ | /ɣaH/ |
| Wang Li |
/ɣaX/ | /ɣaH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ɣaX/ | /ɣaH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
xià | xià |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 下 | 下 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
xià | xià |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ hæX › | ‹ hæH › |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɡˤraʔ/ | /*m-ɡˤraʔ-s/ |
| English | down | descend |
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Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
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| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 下 | 下 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 13445 | 13446 |
| Phonetic component |
下 | 下 |
| Rime group |
魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
下 | 暇 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɡraːʔ/ | /*ɡraːs/ |
DefinitionsEdit
下
- lower part, low position; down
- Antonyms: 上 (shàng)
- under
- low
- inferior, poor
- 下品 ― xiàpǐn ― inferior products
- next
- 下次 ― xiàcì ― next time
- to go down; to get out of
- to fall down; to rain or snow
- to give; to issue
- 下令 ― xiàlìng ― to issue an order
- to put in
- to begin, to start
- to finish, to complete
- to give birth (as an animal)
- to lay (egg)
- 下蛋 ― xiàdàn ― to lay eggs
- (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
- (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
- with, in
- Used after a verb to express height.
- Used after a verb to express space.
- Used after a verb to express the separation of an object.
- Used after a verb to express the end of an action.
- Classifier for the number of actions.
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 下
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JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
下
ReadingsEdit
- Goon: げ (ge)
- Kan’on: か (ka)
- Kun: した (shita), しも (shimo), もと (moto), さがる (下がる, sagaru), さげる (下げる, sageru), くだる (下る, kudaru), くだす (下す, kudasu), くださる (下さる, kudasaru), おりる (下りる, oriru), おろす (下ろす, orosu)
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| した Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi |
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
下 (hiragana した, romaji shita)
- the below
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| しも Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi |
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
下 (hiragana しも, romaji shimo)
- lower portion, end
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| もと Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi |
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- lower portion; base
- under the influence of
Etymology 4Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| げ Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi |
PronunciationEdit
- On'yomi: Goon
- (Tokyo) げ [géꜜ] (Atamadaka - [1])[1][2]
- (Tokyo) げ [gè] (Heiban - [0])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [ɡe̞]
SuffixEdit
- under a situation
NounEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
- Sound (hangeul): 하 (revised: ha, McCune-Reischauer: ha)
- Name (hangeul): 아래 (revised: alae, McCune-Reischauer: arae)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
ReferencesEdit
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
下 (hạ)
下山: to go down a mountain
- To sent:
下令: to command, to sent an order
- Strip off:
下枪: to strip off one's weapon
- To decide:
下藥: to give prescription