Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed”). Cognate with Sanskrit वृणोति (vṛṇóti).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*warjaną

1. to ward off, to defend against
2. to thwart, to stop

Inflection

Conjugation of *warjaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*warjō	*warjaų	—	*warjai	?
2nd singular	*warisi	*warjais	*wari	*warjasai	*warjaisau
3rd singular	*wariþi	*warjai	*warjaþau	*warjaþai	*warjaiþau
1st dual	*warjōs	*warjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*warjaþiz	*warjaiþiz	*warjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*warjamaz	*warjaim	—	*warjanþai	*warjainþau
2nd plural	*wariþ	*warjaiþ	*wariþ	*warjanþai	*warjainþau
3rd plural	*warjanþi	*warjain	*warjanþau	*warjanþai	*warjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*waridǭ	*waridēdį̄
2nd singular	*waridēz	*waridēdīz
3rd singular	*waridē	*waridēdī
1st dual	*waridēdū	*waridēdīw
2nd dual	*waridēdudiz	*waridēdīdiz
1st plural	*waridēdum	*waridēdīm
2nd plural	*waridēdud	*waridēdīd
3rd plural	*waridēdun	*waridēdīn
	present	past
participles	*warjandz	*waridaz

Derived terms

• *warīniz
• *warniþō

Related terms

• *warjaz
• *wurþiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *warjan
  • Old English: werian
    • Middle English: werien
      • English: weir, wear (“to guard, watch, defend”)
      • Scots: were, wer, weir
  • Old Saxon: werian
    • Middle Low German: weren
      • → Polabian: varo
  • Old Dutch: *werien
    • Middle Dutch: weren
      • Dutch: weren
      • Limburgish: waere
  • Old High German: werien
    • Middle High German: weren, wern
      • Cimbrian: bèaran
      • German: wehren
      • Luxembourgish: wieren
  • → Vulgar Latin: *wariō
    • Old French: guarir (see there for further descendants)
    • Piedmontese: guarì, varì
    • Italian: guarire
    • Old Occitan: garir, guarir
      • Old Catalan: guarir, garir, guayrir, gorir
        • Catalan: guarir
      • Occitan: garir
    • West Iberian
      • Old Galician-Portuguese: guarir
        • Galician: gorir, guarir
      • Old Spanish: guarir
        • Spanish: guarir
  • → Vulgar Latin: *warantus
    • Old French: garant (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *warantire
      • Old French: guarantir (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *warantia
      • Old French: guarantie (see there for further descendants)
• Old Norse: verja
  • Icelandic: verja
  • Faroese: verja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: verja
  • Old Swedish: væria
    • Swedish: värja
  • Old Danish: wæriæ
    • Danish: værge
      • Norwegian Bokmål: verge
• Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (warjan)
• → Proto-Finnic: *varjat'ak (see there for further descendants)