Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/der-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *derH-

Root

*der-

1. to split, to separate
2. to tear, to crack, to shatter

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *der- (26 c, 0 e)

• *dér-e-ti (thematic present) (see there for further descendants)
• *dér-t ~ *dr-ént (root aorist)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Vedic Sanskrit: दर्त् (dárt, 3sg.aor.inj.act.)
• *dr̥-néH-ti ~ *dr̥-nH-énti (néH-present?) (or later formation)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥náHti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥náHti
      • Sanskrit: दृणाति (dṛṇā́ti)
    • Proto-Iranian: *dr̥náHti
      • Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (dər^ənəṇti, 3pl.pres.ind.)
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (dar(r)-)
      • Baluchi: درت (dirt, “to tear up”), در (dirr)/ دن (din-)
      • Kurdish:

        Central Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

        Northern Kurdish: dirîn (dirīn), dir (dir-)

        Southern Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

      • Zaza-Gorani:

        Gurani: دڕیای (diřāy, “to tear”), در (dir-)

        Zazaki: dirnayen (dirnāyan, “to tear off, cut off”), diřa (dirrā-)

      • Middle Persian: (/⁠darrīdan⁠/)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (SDKWNtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlytn')

        • Classical Persian: دریدن (darrīdan)

          Dari: دریدن (darrīdan)

          Iranian Persian: دریدن (darrīdan)

          Tajik: даррӣдан (darridan)

      • Lurish:
        • Northern Luri: درنییاْ (derniye)
        • Bakhtiari: درنیڌن (derniđen)
        • Southern Luri: درنیڌن (derniđen)
• *dr̥-nh₂-é-ti ~ *dr̥-nh₂-é-nti (nh₂-present?) (or later formation)
  • Proto-Germanic: *turnaną
    • Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*taurnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aftaurnan), 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (distaurnan))
• *de-dór-e ~ *de-dr-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: ददार (dadā́ra)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: δέδαρται (dédartai)
• *dér-mn̥ ~ *dr̥-mnés (deverbal)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *dérmə
    • Ancient Greek: δέρμα (dérma)
• *dr̥-tis
  • Proto-Germanic: *turþiz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *də́rtis
    • Ancient Greek: δάρσις (dársis)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dŕ̥tiš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dŕ̥tiṣ
      • Sanskrit: दृति (dṛ́ti)
• *dr̥-nos
  • Proto-Celtic: *darnos, *darnā
    • Proto-Brythonic: *darn
      • Middle Breton: darn
      • Cornish: darn
      • Middle Welsh: darn
        • Welsh: darn
    • Gaulish: *darnā
      • → French: darne (“piece, slice of fish”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *turnaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic: *dь̀rnъ (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • >? Albanian: djerr (or variant of bjerr)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dírāˀtei
    • Lithuanian: di̇̀rti
    • Proto-Slavic: *dьràti (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Celtic:
    • Old Irish: drécht (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *trinnaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *trannijaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárdarti (intensive verb)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: दर्दर्षि (dárdarṣi, 2sg.pres.ind.)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (niždarədaⁱriiāt̰, 3sg.pres.opt.) (+ *niš-)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hyátay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥Hyátay
      • Sanskrit: दीर्यते (dīryáte)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hakas (perhaps)
    • Proto-Iranian: *dr̥Hakah
      • Classical Persian: دره (dirra, “skin; a kind of Islamic punishment which related to sewing skin of the sinful person”)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dar-
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dar-
    • Sanskrit: दॄ (dṝ)
• Proto-Tocharian: *tsär-
  • Tocharian A: tsär-
  • Tocharian B: tsär-