در

See also: ڈر, ذر, دز, and دژ

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
د ر ر (d r r)
6 terms

From Proto-Afroasiatic *dâr- (“to increase”). Cognate with Old South Arabian 𐩵𐩧𐩧 (drr, “abundance, harvest”).

Verb

دَرَّ • (darra) I (non-past يَدِرُّ (yadirru) or يَدُرُّ (yadurru), verbal noun دَرّ (darr))

1. to flow copiously
2. to stream, to flow, to well
3. to accrue
4. to be abundant, to be plentiful

Conjugation

    Conjugation of دَرَّ (I, geminate, a ~ i/u, impersonal passive (?), verbal noun دَرّ)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						دَرّ darr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						دَارّ dārr
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَدْرُور madrūr
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	دَرَرْتُ darartu	دَرَرْتَ dararta	دَرَّ darra		دَرَرْتُمَا darartumā	دَرَّا darrā		دَرَرْنَا dararnā	دَرَرْتُمْ darartum	دَرُّوا darrū
	f		دَرَرْتِ dararti	دَرَّتْ darrat			دَرَّتَا darratā			دَرَرْتُنَّ darartunna	دَرَرْنَ dararna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَدِرُّ, أَدُرُّ ʔadirru, ʔadurru	تَدِرُّ, تَدُرُّ tadirru, tadurru	يَدِرُّ, يَدُرُّ yadirru, yadurru		تَدِرَّانِ, تَدُرَّانِ tadirrāni, tadurrāni	يَدِرَّانِ, يَدُرَّانِ yadirrāni, yadurrāni		نَدِرُّ, نَدُرُّ nadirru, nadurru	تَدِرُّونَ, تَدُرُّونَ tadirrūna, tadurrūna	يَدِرُّونَ, يَدُرُّونَ yadirrūna, yadurrūna
	f		تَدِرِّينَ, تَدُرِّينَ tadirrīna, tadurrīna	تَدِرُّ, تَدُرُّ tadirru, tadurru			تَدِرَّانِ, تَدُرَّانِ tadirrāni, tadurrāni			تَدْرِرْنَ, تَدْرُرْنَ tadrirna, tadrurna	يَدْرِرْنَ, يَدْرُرْنَ yadrirna, yadrurna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَدِرَّ, أَدُرَّ ʔadirra, ʔadurra	تَدِرَّ, تَدُرَّ tadirra, tadurra	يَدِرَّ, يَدُرَّ yadirra, yadurra		تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā	يَدِرَّا, يَدُرَّا yadirrā, yadurrā		نَدِرَّ, نَدُرَّ nadirra, nadurra	تَدِرُّوا, تَدُرُّوا tadirrū, tadurrū	يَدِرُّوا, يَدُرُّوا yadirrū, yadurrū
	f		تَدِرِّي, تَدُرِّي tadirrī, tadurrī	تَدِرَّ, تَدُرَّ tadirra, tadurra			تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā			تَدْرِرْنَ, تَدْرُرْنَ tadrirna, tadrurna	يَدْرِرْنَ, يَدْرُرْنَ yadrirna, yadrurna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَدِرَّ, أَدِرِّ, أَدْرِرْ, أَدُرَّ, أَدُرِّ, أَدْرُرْ ʔadirra, ʔadirri, ʔadrir, ʔadurra, ʔadurri, ʔadrur	تَدِرَّ, تَدِرِّ, تَدْرِرْ, تَدُرَّ, تَدُرِّ, تَدْرُرْ tadirra, tadirri, tadrir, tadurra, tadurri, tadrur	يَدِرَّ, يَدِرِّ, يَدْرِرْ, يَدُرَّ, يَدُرِّ, يَدْرُرْ yadirra, yadirri, yadrir, yadurra, yadurri, yadrur		تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā	يَدِرَّا, يَدُرَّا yadirrā, yadurrā		نَدِرَّ, نَدِرِّ, نَدْرِرْ, نَدُرَّ, نَدُرِّ, نَدْرُرْ nadirra, nadirri, nadrir, nadurra, nadurri, nadrur	تَدِرُّوا, تَدُرُّوا tadirrū, tadurrū	يَدِرُّوا, يَدُرُّوا yadirrū, yadurrū
	f		تَدِرِّي, تَدُرِّي tadirrī, tadurrī	تَدِرَّ, تَدِرِّ, تَدْرِرْ, تَدُرَّ, تَدُرِّ, تَدْرُرْ tadirra, tadirri, tadrir, tadurra, tadurri, tadrur			تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā			تَدْرِرْنَ, تَدْرُرْنَ tadrirna, tadrurna	يَدْرِرْنَ, يَدْرُرْنَ yadrirna, yadrurna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		دِرَّ, دِرِّ, اِدْرِرْ, دُرَّ, دُرِّ, اُدْرُرْ dirra, dirri, idrir, durra, durri, udrur			دِرَّا, دُرَّا dirrā, durrā				دِرُّوا, دُرُّوا dirrū, durrū
	f		دِرِّي, دُرِّي dirrī, durrī							اِدْرِرْنَ, اُدْرُرْنَ idrirna, udrurna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	—	—	دُرَّ durra		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	يُدَرُّ yudarru		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	يُدَرَّ yudarra		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	يُدَرَّ, يُدَرِّ, يُدْرَرْ yudarra, yudarri, yudrar		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—

Etymology 2

Noun

دَرّ • (darr) m

1. verbal noun of دَرَّ (darra) (form I)
2. copious flow of milk
3. milk, lactation
4. achievement, accomplishment
5. nature, natural disposition
6. soul, mind, intellect

Declension

Declension of noun دَرّ (darr)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دَرّ darr	الدَّرّ ad-darr	دَرّ darr
nominative	دَرٌّ darrun	الدَّرُّ ad-darru	دَرُّ darru
accusative	دَرًّا darran	الدَّرَّ ad-darra	دَرَّ darra
genitive	دَرٍّ darrin	الدَّرِّ ad-darri	دَرِّ darri

Derived terms

• لِلَّٰهِ دَرُّكَ (lillāhi darruka)

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “در”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[1], London: W.H. Allen

Etymology 3

Noun

دُرّ • (durr) m (collective, singulative دُرَّة f (durra), paucal دُرَّات (durrāt) or دُرَر (durar))

1. pearls

   Synonym: لُؤْلُؤ (luʔluʔ)

Declension

Declension of noun دُرّ (durr)

collective	basic collective triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُرّ durr	الدُّرّ ad-durr	دُرّ durr
nominative	دُرٌّ durrun	الدُّرُّ ad-durru	دُرُّ durru
accusative	دُرًّا durran	الدُّرَّ ad-durra	دُرَّ durra
genitive	دُرٍّ durrin	الدُّرِّ ad-durri	دُرِّ durri
singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُرَّة durra	الدُّرَّة ad-durra	دُرَّة durrat
nominative	دُرَّةٌ durratun	الدُّرَّةُ ad-durratu	دُرَّةُ durratu
accusative	دُرَّةً durratan	الدُّرَّةَ ad-durrata	دُرَّةَ durrata
genitive	دُرَّةٍ durratin	الدُّرَّةِ ad-durrati	دُرَّةِ durrati
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُرَّتَيْن durratayn	الدُّرَّتَيْن ad-durratayn	دُرَّتَيْ durratay
nominative	دُرَّتَانِ durratāni	الدُّرَّتَانِ ad-durratāni	دُرَّتَا durratā
accusative	دُرَّتَيْنِ durratayni	الدُّرَّتَيْنِ ad-durratayni	دُرَّتَيْ durratay
genitive	دُرَّتَيْنِ durratayni	الدُّرَّتَيْنِ ad-durratayni	دُرَّتَيْ durratay
paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal‎; basic broken paucal triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُرَّات‎; دُرَر durrāt‎; durar	الدُّرَّات‎; الدُّرَر ad-durrāt‎; ad-durar	دُرَّات‎; دُرَر durrāt‎; durar
nominative	دُرَّاتٌ‎; دُرَرٌ durrātun‎; durarun	الدُّرَّاتُ‎; الدُّرَرُ ad-durrātu‎; ad-duraru	دُرَّاتُ‎; دُرَرُ durrātu‎; duraru
accusative	دُرَّاتٍ‎; دُرَرًا durrātin‎; duraran	الدُّرَّاتِ‎; الدُّرَرَ ad-durrāti‎; ad-durara	دُرَّاتِ‎; دُرَرَ durrāti‎; durara
genitive	دُرَّاتٍ‎; دُرَرٍ durrātin‎; durarin	الدُّرَّاتِ‎; الدُّرَرِ ad-durrāti‎; ad-durari	دُرَّاتِ‎; دُرَرِ durrāti‎; durari

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: dürr
• → Uzbek: dur
• → Northern Kurdish: durr

Etymology 4

Verb

دُرْ • (dur) (form I) /dur/

1. second-person masculine singular imperative of دَارَ (dāra)

Old Punjabi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دَر (dar).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /daɾu/

Noun

در (dr /daru/) (Gurmukhi ਦਰੁ)

1. door

Descendants

• Punjabi: dar

  Gurmukhi script: ਦਰ

  Shahmukhi script: در

References

• “در”, in Kalam Baba Farid, Bait (or page) 1, 12th Century.

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Noun

در • (der)

1. Alternative form of تر (ter, “sweat”)

Etymology 2

From Classical Persian در (durr), from Arabic دُرّ (durr).

Noun

در • (dür)

1. pearl
2. (figurative) a beautiful girl

Etymology 3

From Persian در (dar).

Preposition

در • (der)

1. in, into
2. within, among

Etymology 4

Contraction of دورور (durur, “it stands”).

Verb

در • (dır, dir, dur, dür)

1. (he, she, it) is; (they) are

Descendants

• Turkish: -dır, -dir, -dur, -dür

Etymology 5

Phrase

در • (dur)

1. it is

Alternative forms

• دورر, دور — considered old by the 19th century

References

• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “در”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[2], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 892

Pashto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dar/

Pronoun

در • (dar)

1. toward you (pronominal prefix of the second person)

Persian

Etymology 1

Appears in the 1100s, a contraction of earlier Classical Persian اندر (andar), from Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (byn /⁠andar⁠/, “in, among, towards, concerning”), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”), from Proto-Iranian, Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hantara-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [daɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪ä]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪ä]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dar
Dari reading?	dar
Iranian reading?	dar
Tajik reading?	dar

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ar

Preposition

Picture dictionary

در

فوق

زیر

در

جلوی

پشت

روی

کنار

میان

Prepositions of location

Dari	در
Iranian Persian
Tajik	дар

در • (dar)

1. at, in, inside, within

   Synonyms: داخل (dâxel-e), درون (darun-e)

   در خانه ― dar xâne ― at home

   در کیف ― dar kif ― in a bag

2. in, on; used of time units.

   در روز یکشنبه ― dar ruz-e yekšambe ― on Monday

   در سال ۲۰۲۴ ― dar sâl-e 2024 ― in the year 2024

3. by, per

   درصد ― darsad ― percent (literally, “per hundred”)

   دو متر در دو متر ― do metr dar do metr ― two by two meters

Usage notes

• In colloquial Iranian Persian, تو (tu) is normally used instead of در (dar) in all contexts except for fixed, idiomatic phrases. However, only در (dar) is used in formal or literary contexts.
• In colloquial Dari Persian, در (dar) is still used but pronounced and often written ده (da).

Etymology 2

From Middle Persian 𐭡𐭡𐭠 (dar, “gate, court, palace, chapter, subject”), from Old Persian 𐎯𐎺𐎼𐎹𐎠 (duvar-, “door, gate”), from Proto-Iranian *dwar- (compare Northern Kurdish derî, Ossetian дуар (dwar), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (duuar^əm)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwar- (compare Sanskrit द्वार (dvā́ra), Hindi बार (bār) / Urdu بار (bār)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“gate, door”) (compare English door, German Tür, Armenian դուռ (duṙ), Irish doras and Russian дверь (dverʹ)).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [daɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dar
Dari reading?	dar
Iranian reading?	dar
Tajik reading?	dar

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Noun

Dari	دروازه
Iranian Persian	در
Tajik	дар

در • (dar) (plural درها (dar-hâ))

1. door

   در باز شد. ― dar bâz šod. ― The door opened.

2. lid

   در تابه ― dar-e tâbe ― frying pan lid

3. (dated) court
4. (dated) topic, subject
5. (dated) chapter

Usage notes

• The usage of در as "door" or "lid", while still understood, has become uncommon in Dari.

Derived terms

• دری (dari)
• دربار (darbâr)

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Arabic دُرّ (durr).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [duɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪uɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪oɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪uɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dur
Dari reading?	dur
Iranian reading?	dor
Tajik reading?	dur

Noun

در • (dorr)

1. (rare) pearl

   Synonym: مروارید (murwārīd / morvârid)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [daɾɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ(ː)]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ(ː)]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ(ː)]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ(ː)]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æɹ(ː)]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ(ː)]

Readings
Classical reading?	darr
Dari reading?	darr
Iranian reading?	darr
Tajik reading?	darr

Verb

در • (dar)

1. present stem form of دریدن (daridan)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /deɾ/

Verb

در • (der)

1. (dialectal, Mashhad) present stem form of دیشتن

   حالا کم کم می‌بینُم کار دِرَه بالا می‌گیرِه.

   hâlâ kam kam mi-binom kâr dera bâlâ mi-gire.

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Further reading

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “در”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “در”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian در (dar). Doublet of دوار (dvār).

Noun

دَر • (dar) m (Hindi spelling दर) (poetic)

1. door

Related terms

• دروازہ (darwāza, “door”)
• دربار (darbâr, “royal court, durbar”)

Ushojo

Etymology 1

Preposition

در (dar)

1. inside, in, into

Adverb

در (dar)

1. in something

Etymology 2

From Classical Persian در (dar).

Noun

در (dar)

1. door

   Synonym: دروازو (darvāzō)