Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂ep-^[1]^[2]

water, body of water

Alternative reconstructions

*h₂eb-^[3]
*h₂ebʰ-^[4]^[5]

Usage notes

A root with nominal function only.
Unlike its neuter synonym *wódr̥, *h₂ep- is always gendered in descendants. This may reflect the same animate–inanimate (or semantically active–passive) distinction in early PIE that is often supposed for the nouns meaning “fire”, such as *h₁n̥gʷnís m and *péh₂wr̥ n respectively.

Synonyms

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ep- (water) (43 c, 0 e)

*h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s f (root noun)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)^[3]
  - Tocharian A: āp
  - Tocharian B: āp
*h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés
- Proto-Anatolian: [Term?] (“river”)^[4]
  - Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)
  - Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /⁠hāpi-, hāpa-⁠/), 𒄩𒀀𒉿𒅔𒉌 (ha-a-pi-in-ni /⁠hāpinna, hāpinni, habinni⁠/)
  - Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba), 𐊜𐊂𐊀𐊆 (χbai, “to irrigate”)
  - Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /⁠hāpna-⁠/)
- Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *h₂ph₃n-éh₂
  - Proto-Albanian: *abnā
    - Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)
- ⇒ *h₂ph₃n-í-s
  - Italic:
    - Latin: amnis
  - Lusitanian: abnis
*h₂ep-sru-
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հաւառի (hawaṙi)
*h₂ēp-eh₂
- Italic:
  - Oscan: 𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀 (aapa)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)
- Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)
- Old Prussian: ape (< *apiā̃)
- Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)
- >? Proto-Slavic: *vapa
  - Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)

References

^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂ep-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 311–317
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “water”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 636: “*h₂ēp- ~ *h₂ep-”
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āp”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 46–47
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫapa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 294–295
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “amnis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

Root

*h₂ep-^[1]

to join, attach, fasten, fit
^? to grab, snatch, get

Alternative reconstructions

*(s)h₂ep-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ep- (join) (10 c, 0 e)

*h₂ép-ti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /⁠ḫaptsi⁠/, “to join, attach”) (stem ḫapp-)^[2]
*h₂ép-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Italic: *apō
  - Latin: apō
*h₂p-i-^?
- Proto-Italic: *api-
  - ⇒ Latin: apīscor (“to seize, get, obtain”)^{[note 1]}
*h₂op-éye-ti (“to make reach; to give”, causative)
- >? Proto-Albanian: *apa (“to give”)^{[note 1]} (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāpáyati^{[note 1]}
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāpáyati
    - Sanskrit: आपयति (āpayati) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hāpáyati
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (apaiieⁱti)
*h₂ep-t- (progressive present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *áptō^[3]
  - Ancient Greek: ἅπτω (háptō)^{[note 2]}
    - ⇒ ἁφή (haphḗ, “grip; (sense of) touch”)^{[note 2]} (see there for further descendants)
*h₂(é)p-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Italic: *apjō
  - Latin: apiō
*h₂ép-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *ápmə
  - Ancient Greek: ἅμμα (hámma, “knot, chain”)^{[note 2]}
>? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem),^[4]^[5] *h₂ép-s-os^?
- Proto-Anatolian:^[2]
  - ⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /⁠ḫappeššar⁠/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)
  - Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)
- Proto-Armenian:^[6]
  - >? Old Armenian: ափ (apʻ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)
    - Armenian: ափ (apʻ)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos^[3]
  - Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”)^{[note 2]} (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas
    - Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas
    - Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)
*h₂(e)p-tó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *aptós
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄ-απτος (á-aptos, “untouched”)
- Proto-Italic: *aptos
  - Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Armenian:
  - >? Old Armenian: հափափեմ (hapʻapʻem, “to kidnap”)^[6]
    - Armenian: հափափել (hapʻapʻel)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈 (āfənte)
- Proto-Italic: *apeks^?
  - >? Latin: apex (see there for further descendants)

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Alternatively from *h₁ep-; compare Hittite 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /⁠ʔéptsi⁠/, “seizes”), 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /⁠pāi⁠/, “gives, hands over, pays”), and Latin co-epī (“I have started, undertaken”). Sense 2 of *h₂ep- is thus disputed.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Initial h and root-final ph may both be analogical.

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 269
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫapp-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 293-294
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἅπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
^ Clackson, James (1994) The linguistic relationship between Armenian and Greek (Publications of the Philological Society; 30), Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell, page 98ff
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 180: “*h₂épes-”
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 157–158

[1] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂ep-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 311–317

[2] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “water”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 636: “*h₂ēp- ~ *h₂ep-”

[DTB-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āp”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 46–47

[EDHIL-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫapa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 294–295

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “amnis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

[n1-8] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Alternatively from *h₁ep-; compare Hittite 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /⁠ʔéptsi⁠/, “seizes”), 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /⁠pāi⁠/, “gives, hands over, pays”), and Latin co-epī (“I have started, undertaken”). Sense 2 of *h₂ep- is thus disputed.

[n2-10] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Initial h and root-final ph may both be analogical.

[6] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 269

[EDHIL-7] 2.0 ^2.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫapp-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 293-294

[EDG-9] 3.0 ^3.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἅπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

[11] Clackson, James (1994) The linguistic relationship between Armenian and Greek (Publications of the Philological Society; 30), Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell, page 98ff

[12] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 180: “*h₂épes-”

[EDAIL-13] 6.0 ^6.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 157–158

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