User:Alexlin01/NH cognates/Morphology

Serves primarily as a nominalization prefix attached to verbs.

PNH Pairs

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PNNH Pairs

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→ ‎*N-
*N- + ‎*ḋabo(t) (to be wounded) → ‎*ɲabo(t) (a wound)
*N- + ‎*ḋagim (to owe) → ‎*ɲagim (debt)
*N- + ‎*p1esak (to be wet) → ‎*besak (rain) (possibly)
*N- + ‎*tiʔikit (to cough) → ‎*diʔikit (a cough)
*N- + ‎*towoŋi (to walk along the water's edge) → ‎*dowoŋi (beach, shore, coast)

Other

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  • N- prefixation occurred in the proto-language and in more recent times (though present productivity is uncertain). Note Tabaru aeme (to lick), from PNNH *laḋem and Tabaru ngaeme (tongue). This process could have only happened after Tabaru lost l, which cannot be too old (c.f. Tabaru caana (pants) and Tabaru saaka (silver)).

*siN-

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Verbal Clitics

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Subject-Marking Clitics

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*tV-

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1st Person Singular
  • West Makian: t-
  • PNNH: to-
    • PNeNH: to-
    • Sahu: to-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: to-

*nV-

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2nd Person Singular
  • West Makian: n-
  • PNNH: no-
    • PNeNH: no-
    • Sahu: no-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: no-

*wV-

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3rd Person Singular Masculine
  • PNNH: wo-
    • PNeNH: wo-
    • Sahu: o-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: wo-

*mV-

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3rd Person Singular Feminine
  • PNNH: mo-
    • PNeNH: mo-
    • Sahu: mo-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: mo-
3rd Person Singular Inanimate (WM) or Non-Human (PNNH)
  • West Makian: i-
  • PNNH: i-
    • PNeNH: i-
      • Galela: i-
      • Loloda: i-
      • Tobelo: i-
      • Pagu: i-
      • Tabaru: i-
    • Sahu: i-
    • Ternate: i-

*ma-

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3rd Person Singular Inanimate (WM) or Non-Human (PNNH)

*p1V-

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1st Person Plural Inclusive
  • PNNH: p1o-
    • PNeNH: p1o-
      • Galela: po-
      • Loloda: wo-
      • Tobelo: ho-
      • Pagu: wo- (dialectal po- also exists)
      • Tabaru: po- (irregular, wo- is expected)
    • Sahu: wo-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: fo-

*mV-

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1st Person Plural Exclusive
  • PNNH: mV-
    • PNeNH: mi-
    • Sahu: mi-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: mV-

*nV-

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2nd Person Plural
  • PNNH: nV-
    • PNeNH: ni-
    • Sahu: ni-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: nV-

*yV-

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3rd Person Plural Human
May be i + o
  • PNNH: yo-, i-
    • PNeNH: yo-, i-
    • Sahu: ?
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: i-, yo-