caelum
See also: Caelum
LatinEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈkae̯.lum/, [ˈkae̯.ɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈt͡ʃe.lum/, [ˈt͡ʃɛː.lum]
Audio (Classical) (file)
Etymology 1Edit
Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Italic *kailom, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂i-lom (“whole”), from *keh₂i-, originating in the augural sphere and indicating "the whole" as opposed to templum (“the part”) and cognate to Latin caelebs, sincērus, caerimōnia, Russian целый (celyj, “whole, intact”), English whole, holy. May be cognate of Oscan 𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀 (kaíla, “perh. a kind of building”).[1]
Alternative formsEdit
- caelus (ante-classical, otherwise rare)
- cael (ante-classical, in a passage of Ennius’ Annales containing other truncated forms)
- cælum
- coelum, cœlum (medieval, New Latin, very common)
- cēlum (medieval)
NounEdit
caelum n (genitive caelī); second declension
DeclensionEdit
Second-declension noun (neuter or otherwise).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | caelum | caelī |
Genitive | caelī | caelōrum |
Dative | caelō | caelīs |
Accusative | caelum | caelōs |
Ablative | caelō | caelīs |
Vocative | caelum | caelī |
The plural is masculine.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Eastern Romance
- Franco-Provençal: cièl, ceu
- Gallo-Italic
- Lombard: ciel
- Italo-Dalmatian
- Old French: ciel, cel
- Old Occitan: cel
- Rhaeto-Romance
- Sardinian: chelu
- Venetian: cielo, cel
- Western Iberian
- → Albanian: qiell (possibly)
- → Basque: zeru
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Italic *kaid(s)lom, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“cut, hew”) (whence also caedō (“I cut”)).[2]
Alternative formsEdit
NounEdit
caelum n (genitive caelī); second declension
DeclensionEdit
Second-declension noun (neuter).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | caelum | caela |
Genitive | caelī | caelōrum |
Dative | caelō | caelīs |
Accusative | caelum | caela |
Ablative | caelō | caelīs |
Vocative | caelum | caela |
Related termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- → English: Caelum
ReferencesEdit
- 1caelum in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- 2caelum in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- caelum in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- 1 caelum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- 2 caelum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky: suspicere (in) caelum
- to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky: oculos tollere, attollere ad caelum
- climate: caelum or natura caeli
- healthy climate: caelum salūbre, salubritas caeli (opp. grave, gravitas)
- temperate climate: caeli temperatio
- rough climate: caeli asperitas
- variable climate: caeli varietas
- the star-lit sky; the firmament: caelum astris distinctum et ornatum
- the pole: vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli
- a storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder: tempestas cum magno fragore (caeli) tonitribusque (Liv. 1. 16)
- the heavens are shaken by the thunder: caelum tonitru contremit
- to extol, laud to the skies: laudibus aliquem (aliquid) in caelum ferre, efferre, tollere
- to raise the hands to heaven (attitude of prayer): (supinas) manus ad caelum tendere
- (ambiguous) to run its course in the sky: cursum conficere in caelo
- (ambiguous) to be struck by lightning: de caelo tangi, percuti
- (ambiguous) when it is growing dusk; towards evening: die, caelo vesperascente
- (ambiguous) to observe the sky (i.e. the flight of birds, lightning, thunder, etc.: de caelo servare (Att. 4. 3. 3)
- to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky: suspicere (in) caelum
- caelum in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- caelum in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) , “caelum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 80-81
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) , “caedō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 79-80