croch

Irish

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /kɾˠɔx/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /kɾˠʌx/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish croch, from Latin crux (“cross”).

Noun

croch f (genitive singular croiche, nominative plural crocha)

1. cross, gallows
2. hook, hanger
3. crane
4. (figuratively) tall, stooped figure

Declension

Declension of croch

Second declension

Bare forms Case Singular Plural Nominative croch crocha Vocative a chroch a chrocha Genitive croiche croch Dative croch croich (archaic, dialectal) crocha

Forms with the definite article Case Singular Plural Nominative an chroch na crocha Genitive na croiche na gcroch Dative leis an gcroch leis an gcroich (archaic, dialectal) don chroch don chroich (archaic, dialectal) leis na crocha

Etymology 2

From Old Irish crochaid, from the noun croch (“cross”).

Verb

croch (present analytic crochann, future analytic crochfaidh, verbal noun crochadh, past participle crochta) (transitive, intransitive)

1. hang
2. raise up
3. lift, carry
4. (card games) throw down (one's hand)
5. clear up, clear off

Conjugation

conjugation of croch (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	crochaim	crochann tú; crochair†	crochann sé, sí	crochaimid	crochann sibh	crochann siad; crochaid†	a chrochann; a chrochas / a gcrochann*; a gcrochas*	crochtar
	past	chroch mé; chrochas	chroch tú; chrochais	chroch sé, sí	chrochamar; chroch muid	chroch sibh; chrochabhair	chroch siad; chrochadar	a chroch / ar chroch*	crochadh
	past habitual	chrochainn / gcrochainn‡‡	chrochtá / gcrochtᇇ	chrochadh sé, sí / gcrochadh sé, s퇇	chrochaimis; chrochadh muid / gcrochaimis‡‡; gcrochadh muid‡‡	chrochadh sibh / gcrochadh sibh‡‡	chrochaidís; chrochadh siad / gcrochaidís‡‡; gcrochadh siad‡‡	a chrochadh / a gcrochadh*	chrochtaí / gcrochta퇇
future		crochfaidh mé; crochfad	crochfaidh tú; crochfair†	crochfaidh sé, sí	crochfaimid; crochfaidh muid	crochfaidh sibh	crochfaidh siad; crochfaid†	a chrochfaidh; a chrochfas / a gcrochfaidh*; a gcrochfas*	crochfar
conditional		chrochfainn / gcrochfainn‡‡	chrochfá / gcrochfᇇ	chrochfadh sé, sí / gcrochfadh sé, s퇇	chrochfaimis; chrochfadh muid / gcrochfaimis‡‡; gcrochfadh muid‡‡	chrochfadh sibh / gcrochfadh sibh‡‡	chrochfaidís; chrochfadh siad / gcrochfaidís‡‡; gcrochfadh siad‡‡	a chrochfadh / a gcrochfadh*	chrochfaí / gcrochfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go gcrocha mé; go gcrochad†	go gcrocha tú; go gcrochair†	go gcrocha sé, sí	go gcrochaimid; go gcrocha muid	go gcrocha sibh	go gcrocha siad; go gcrochaid†	—	go gcrochtar
	past	dá gcrochainn	dá gcrochtá	dá gcrochadh sé, sí	dá gcrochaimis; dá gcrochadh muid	dá gcrochadh sibh	dá gcrochaidís; dá gcrochadh siad	—	dá gcrochtaí
imperative		crochaim	croch	crochadh sé, sí	crochaimis	crochaigí; crochaidh†	crochaidís	—	crochtar
verbal noun		crochadh
past participle		crochta

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
croch	chroch	gcroch
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “croch”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “croch”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 crochaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “croch”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “croch”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

Middle English

Noun

croch

1. Alternative form of crucche

Old Irish

Etymology

From Insular Proto-Celtic *krukā (compare Welsh crog), borrowed from the oblique stem of Latin crux. Doublet of cros, which was instead formed by attaching feminine ā-stem inflectional endings directly onto the nominative singular.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /krox/

Noun

croch f

1. cross
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 20^c21

     Is dó da·gníat: maith leu indocbál apstal doib et ní fodmat ingreimm ar chroich Críst.

     It is for this they do it: they like to have the glory of apostles, and they do not endure persecution for the cross of Christ.

2. gallows

Inflection

Feminine ā-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	crochL	croichL	crochaH
Vocative	crochL	croichL	crochaH
Accusative	croichN	croichL	crochaH
Genitive	croicheH	crochL	crochN
Dative	croichL	crochaib	crochaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• crochaid

Descendants

• Irish: croch
• Scottish Gaelic: croch

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
croch	chroch	croch pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “croch”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish crochaid, from the noun croch (“cross”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʰɾɔx/

Verb

croch (past chroch, future crochaidh, verbal noun crochadh, past participle crochte)

1. hang, suspend
2. depend

Usage notes

• It is more usual to use bi an crochadh for depend.

Mutation

Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical	Lenition
croch	chroch
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• Edward Dwelly (1911) “croch”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎^[1], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 crochaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language