jwtj
Egyptian
editEtymology
editFrom jwt (negation particle) + -j (nisba ending). The noun jwtj is in turn simply a nominalized use of the adjective jwtj.
Pronunciation
edit- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /iuːti/
- Conventional anglicization: iuti
Adjective
edit |
- the negative relative adjective — allows a clause to serve as a negated relative clause, usually with an adverbial or verbal predicate [chiefly Old Egyptian]
- (introducing a direct relative clause, with jwtj serving in place of a subject) which is not, who is not, not being
- (introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) such that it is not the case that, for which it is not the case that
- (introducing a noun phrase with suffix pronoun) which has no, who has no, not having, without
Usage notes
editWhen jwtj introduces an indirect relative clause with a pronominal subject, the subject generally takes the form of a suffix pronoun attached to jwtj. However, clauses with a first-person singular subject instead use the dependent pronoun wj, and those with a third-person subject sometimes use the dependent pronoun st. Other subjects can rarely also appear in dependent-pronoun form.
Properly speaking, the usage of jwtj with a noun phrase also introduces an indirect relative clause; it constitutes the relative counterpart of a negated existential clause with nn.
Analogously to jw, jwtj asserts that the statement in the clause is false at the time of the statement, marking it as modally realis.
Inflection
editmasculine | feminine | |
---|---|---|
singular | jwtj |
jwtt |
dual | jwtjwj, jwtwj |
jwttj |
plural | jwtjw, jwtw |
jwtwt1, jwtt2 |
|
Alternative forms
editAntonyms
editDescendants
edit- Demotic: jwṱ
Noun
edit |
m
- (introducing a direct relative clause) he who is not, one who is not, that which is not
- (introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) he for whom it is not the case that, one for whom it is not the case that, that for which it is not the case that
― jwtj ḫsf.f ― one who cannot be warded off
- (introducing a noun phrase with suffix pronoun) he who doesn’t have, one not having, one without
― jwtj snnw.f ― one without equal
― jwtj wn.f ― one without a fault
― jwtj ḫt.f ― dispossessed person (literally, “one without a thing/possession of his”)
- (without a following relative clause or noun phrase) he who doesn’t exist, one who doesn’t exist, that which doesn’t exist
Usage notes
editSee under the adjective above.
Inflection
editSee under the adjective above.
Alternative forms
editSee under the adjective above.
Antonyms
editDerived terms
editReferences
edit- “jw.tj (lemma ID 22030)”, “jw.tj (lemma ID 23140)”, and “jw.tj (lemma ID 856668)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 138–139, 173, 242, 378–379, 409, 415.
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 46.1–46.10
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 14