See also: JW and jw3

Translingual

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Symbol

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jw

  1. (international standards, obsolete) Former ISO 639-1 language code for Javanese.
    Synonym: jv (current)

Egyptian

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Pronunciation

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Particle

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iw

 proclitic

  1. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) asserts the reality of a following statement with a verb in the perfect, perfect passive, or imperfective, or else with an adverbial or adjectival predicate, probably serving as a realis modal particle; see usage notes
  2. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) introduces an adverbial clause with a pronominal subject; see usage notes
  3. (chiefly Old Egyptian, rare, with a following bare noun phrase) there is, there are; introduces an independent existential clause
  4. (Late Egyptian) introduces a subordinate circumstantial clause
  5. (Late Egyptian) introduces a sentence in the third future

Usage notes

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In Old and Middle Egyptian, this particle can stand at the beginning of adjectival, adverbial, and verbal sentences; it is followed by a nominal subject, a demonstrative pronoun, or an attached suffix pronoun. There is significant debate over what exactly it indicates in these stages of the language:

  • According to Allen, it indicates that the statement in the sentence is presented as true at the time of the statement, in contrast to false statements and statements which are always or generally true. It occurs at the start of independent clauses, but never those verbal clauses beginning with an imperative, bare stative, perfective, prospective, subjunctive, biliteral suffixed (contingent), or emphatic form. It also occurs at the start of subordinate adverbial clauses if their subject is pronominal, but never if it is nominal.
  • According to Loprieno, it is a ‘particle of initiality’ indicating that its sentence opens a new segment of discourse, with the semantic scope of an overt assertion of truth, and pragmatically relating the sentence to the speaker’s situation without necessarily implying direct involvement. However, in simple adverbial clauses with a pronominal subject, it can also serve as a semantically and syntactically neutral morpheme that only serves to carry an attached subject pronoun. In extremely rare cases, it can introduce the subject of an existential sentence consisting of just one element, an apparently archaic usage.
  • According to Hoch, it indicates that the statement is one that the speaker wishes to present as a fact, and it only occurs in main clauses.
  • It has frequently been characterized as an assertion particle, sometimes noting its apparent modal role marking realis statements.
  • In the so-called Standard Theory, its role was often considered purely syntactic, marking independent clauses; this view is no longer common. Some scholars working in the frame of the Standard Theory have suggested that bare (proclitic-less) sentences following one introduced by jw are main clauses that become hypotactically linked to the initial sentence in a chain of discourse, with the particle conveying the syntactic or pragmatic ‘theme’ of the whole and functioning as a nominal element.

Alternative forms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Coptic: ⲉ- (e-)
  • Coptic: ⲉⲧⲉ- (ete-)
  • Coptic: ⲣⲉϥ- (ref-)

Noun

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N18
N23 Z1

 m

  1. island
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 39–41:
      aHaa
      n
      A1r
      a
      kwA1riw
      N23 Z1
      i
      n
      wAAwmwnM14wrr
      N36
      ꜥḥꜥ.n.j rḏj.kw r jw jn wꜣw n(j) wꜣḏ-wr
      Then I was put on an island by a wave of the sea.
  2. (in the plural) regions, lands (+ genitive: of (the earth, Egypt, etc.)) [Greco-Roman Period]

Usage notes

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In late writings this word becomes confused with jꜣt (mound, lands, regions) and is often written identically. Furthermore, in late usage this word comes to be used and written chiefly in the plural form.

Inflection

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Declension of jw (masculine)
singular jw
dual jwwj
plural jww

Alternative forms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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Noun

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E9wnDs

 m

  1. wrongdoing, misconduct, evil [since the Middle Kingdom]
    E9wnDsnTr
    jw nṯrsin against a god
    E9wnDs
    Z2
    nnTr
    jw n nṯrsin against a god
  2. wrongness, injustice, error
  3. misfortune; wrong or evil suffered

Alternative forms

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Derived terms

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Noun

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E9wE14

 m

  1. dog [Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom]
    Synonyms: jwjw, ṯzm

Inflection

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Declension of jw (masculine)
singular jw
dual jwwj
plural jww

Alternative forms

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Derived terms

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Verb

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E9wT30

 2-lit.

  1. (transitive) to sever, to cut off (something) (+ r: from (something else)) [since the Middle Kingdom]
  2. (transitive) to sever, to cut through (something)

Inflection

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Conjugation of jw (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: jw, geminated stem: jww
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
jw
jww, jw
jwt
jw, j.jw
jw, j.jw
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
jw
ḥr jw
m jw
r jw
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect jw.n
jww, jw
consecutive jw.jn
active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative jwt
perfective3 jw
active + .tj1, .tw2
obligative1 jw.ḫr
active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective jw, j.jw1
active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 jw
jww
potentialis1 jw.kꜣ
active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive jw, j.jw1
active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect jw.n
active + .tj1, .tw2
perfective jw
active + .tj1, .tw2
jw
jww, jwwj6, jw2, jww2 5, jwy2 5
imperfective j.jw1, jw, jwy, jww5
active + .tj1, .tw2
j.jw1, j.jww1 5, jw, jwj6, jwy6
jw, jww5
prospective jw, jwtj7
jwtj4, jwt4

1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

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Adjective

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E9wP1
  1. perfective passive participle of jwj (to leave boatless, to strand): boatless

Usage notes

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This participle is practically always used nominally to mean ‘boatless person’, ‘stranded person’, ‘the boatless’.

Inflection

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Declension of jw (perfective passive participle)
masculine feminine
singular jw, jwy
jwt, jwyt
dual jwwj, jwywj
jwtj, jwytj
plural jww, jwyw
jwwt1, jwt2, jwywt1, jwyt2
1 Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
2 From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural.
In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Verb

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E9wA2

 2-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to wail, to lament (+ n: for, over (someone)) [since the Coffin Texts]
  2. (intransitive, with ḥr) to compain about (someone)

Inflection

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Conjugation of jw (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: jw, geminated stem: jww
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
jw
jww, jw
jwt
jw, j.jw
jw, j.jw
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
jw
ḥr jw
m jw
r jw
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active contingent
aspect / mood active
perfect jw.n
consecutive jw.jn
terminative jwt
perfective3 jw
obligative1 jw.ḫr
imperfective jw, j.jw1
prospective3 jw
potentialis1 jw.kꜣ
subjunctive jw, j.jw1
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active active passive
perfect jw.n
perfective jw
jw
jww, jwwj6, jw2, jww2 5, jwy2 5
imperfective j.jw1, jw, jwy, jww5
j.jw1, j.jww1 5, jw, jwj6, jwy6
jw, jww5
prospective jw, jwtj7
jwtj4, jwt4

1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

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Noun

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iw

 m

  1. (hapax) hunchback [Middle Kingdom]

References

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