Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
から
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
鹹い
苛い

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *kara.

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of "辛い"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 辛く らく
[káꜜràkù]
[kàráꜜkù]
Terminal (終止形) 辛い [kàráꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 辛い [kàráꜜì]
Key constructions
Informal negative 辛くない らくない
くない
[káꜜràkùnàì]
[kàráꜜkùnàì]
Informal past 辛かった らかった
かった
[káꜜràkàttà]
[kàráꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 辛くなかった らくなかった
くなかった
[káꜜràkùnàkàttà]
[kàráꜜkùnàkàttà]
Formal 辛いです いです [kàráꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 辛くて らくて
くて
[káꜜràkùtè]
[kàráꜜkùtè]
Conditional 辛ければ らければ
ければ
[káꜜràkèrèbà]
[kàráꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

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(から) (karai-i (adverbial (から) (karaku))

  1. spicy hot
    Synonym: スパイシー
  2. salty
    Synonyms: 塩辛い, しょっぱい
  3. (of alcohol) bitter, not sweet
  4. harsh
Inflection
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Derived terms
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See also

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Basic tastes in Japanese · 味覚(みかく) (mikaku) (layout · text)
           
(あま) (amai) ()っぱい (suppai) (しょ)っぱい (shoppai) (にが​) (niga​i) (から​) (kara​i) 旨味(うまみ) (umami)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
つら
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[3]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of "辛い"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 辛く らく [tsùrákú]
Terminal (終止形) 辛い らい
[tsùráí]
[tsùráꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 辛い らい [tsùráí]
Key constructions
Informal negative 辛くない らくな [tsùrákúnáꜜì]
Informal past 辛かった かった [tsùráꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 辛くなかった らくなかった [tsùrákúnáꜜkàttà]
Formal 辛いです いです [tsùráꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 辛くて くて [tsùráꜜkùtè]
Conditional 辛ければ ければ [tsùráꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

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(つら) (tsurai-i (adverbial (つら) (tsuraku))

  1. painful
Inflection
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Etymology 3

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The tsurai changes to zurai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Suffix

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(づら) (-zurai-i (adverbial (づら) (-zuraku))

  1. difficult to, hard to
    一様(いちよう)文字(もじ)(ちい)さく()づらかったため[3]
    ichiyō ni moji ga chīsaku yomizurakatta tame
    since the characters were uniformly small and hard to read
    (いっ)(けん)しただけじゃわかり(づら)[4]
    ikken shita dake ja wakarizurai ga
    though it's hard to tell at first sight
Usage notes
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Attaches to the continuative form (連用形) of a verb. Inflects like an -i adjective. Usually spelled in hiragana, with the kanji spelling usually reserved for formal contexts.

Inflection
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Synonyms
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Antonyms
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 から・い 【辛・苛・鹹】 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
  2. 2.0 2.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 つら・い 【辛】 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)