冢

See also: 塚, 家, and 冡

冢	U+51A2, 冢 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51A2

← 冡
[U+51A1]

CJK Unified Ideographs

冣 →
[U+51A3]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

冢 (Kangxi radical 14, 冖+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 月一一人 (BMMO) or 月一尸人 (BMSO) or 難月一尸人 (XBMSO), four-corner 3723₂, composition ⿱冖豖)

Derived characters edit

塚, 𡻑, 𣹞, 𬥥

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 130, character 25
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1585
Dae Jaweon: page 293, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 304, character 9
Unihan data for U+51A2

Chinese edit

trad.		冢/塚
simp.		冢

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (豖) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
冢	*toŋʔ
塚	*toŋʔ
涿	*rtoːɡ
琢	*rtoːɡ
啄	rtoːɡ, toːɡ
諑	*rtoːɡ
剢	*toːɡ
瘃	*toɡ
豖	*tʰoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toŋʔ) : semantic 勹 (“wrap”) + phonetic 豖 (OC *tʰoɡ) – wrapped in a burial shroud. Top component now simplified to 冖.

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/r-duŋ (“mountain; hillock”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese တောင် (taung, “mountain”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong³)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cung²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thióng

(Teochew, Peng'im): tong²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵tson

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
  - Wade–Giles: chung³
  - Yale: jǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
  - Palladius: чжун (čžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: cung²
  - Yale: chúng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: cung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thióng
  - Tâi-lô: thióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tiorng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tong²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵tson
  - MiniDict: tson^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tson
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: trjowngX

Rime
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知隴切
Baxter	trjowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨoŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈioŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶioŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuawŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ȶioŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ȶĭwoŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯woŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]roŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*toŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ trjowng^X ›
Old Chinese	/[t]roŋʔ/ (or [t]<r>oŋʔ ?)
English	tomb mound
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
No.	1616
Phonetic component	豖
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	冢
Old Chinese	/*toŋʔ/

Definitions edit

冢

Original form of 塚／冢 (zhǒng, “mausoleum; tomb; burial mound”).
- 項羽燒秦宮室，掘始皇帝冢。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  项羽烧秦宫室，掘始皇帝冢。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Xiàng Yǔ shāo Qín gōngshì, jué Shǐhuángdì zhǒng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 一去紫臺連朔漠，獨留青冢向黃昏。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  一去紫台连朔漠，独留青冢向黄昏。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Poem by Du Fu, 杜甫 · 詠懷古跡五首 · 其三
  Yī qù zǐtái lián shuòmò, dú liú qīngzhǒng xiàng huánghūn. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
^† mountain summit
- 百川沸騰，山冢崒崩。高岸為谷，深谷為陵。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  百川沸腾，山冢崒崩。高岸为谷，深谷为陵。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Bǎi chuān fèiténg, shān zhǒng zúbēng. Gāo'àn wèi gǔ, shēngǔ wèi líng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
(prefix) eldest, senior in rank