劫

See also: 刦

劫 U+52AB, 劫 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52AB ← 努 [U+52AA] CJK Unified Ideographs 劬 → [U+52AC]

Translingual

Han character

劫 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土戈大尸 (GIKS) or 難土戈大尸 (XGIKS), four-corner 4772₀, composition ⿰去力)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 30
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2316
• Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 367, character 12
• Unihan data for U+52AB

Chinese

simp. and trad.		劫
alternative forms		刧 刦 𠛗 刼 𠉨 刧 刦 𠛗 刼 𠉨 𠞏

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 劫
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (去) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
佉	*kʰal
呿	*kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab
抾	*kʰɯ, *kʰɯ, *kʰab
弆	*kaʔ, *kʰaʔ
祛	*kʰa
袪	*kʰa
阹	*kʰa
胠	*kʰa, *kʰas, *kʰab
魼	*kʰa, *kʰl'aːb
去	*kʰaʔ, *kʰas
麮	*kʰaʔ, *kʰas
鼁	*kʰas
砝	*kaːb, *kab
劫	*kab, *kab
鉣	*kab
蜐	*kab, *kab
怯	*kʰab

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kab, *kab) : phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”)

Etymology

“(Buddhism) disaster”

Short for 劫波 (jiébō), from Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jié (jie²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gip³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiap
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiap

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jié
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jié
    • Wade–Giles: chieh²
    • Yale: jyé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jye
    • Palladius: цзе (cze)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gip³
    • Yale: gip
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gip⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: gib³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːp̚³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiap
    • Hakka Romanization System: giab^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: giab⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯ap̚²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiap
    • Tâi-lô: kiap
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiab
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiap̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiap̚⁵/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiap̚³²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiap̚³²/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiap̚³²/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 劫
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕiɛ³⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiə⁴²/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕiə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiɛ²¹/
	Xining	/t͡ɕi²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕie¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕiə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕiɤ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕie²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰie³¹/ /t͡ɕie³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰie²¹/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕiɛ³¹/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕieʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕiɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕieʔ²¹/
	Tunxi	/t͡ɕia⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕie²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕie²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕiɛʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/kiap̚¹/
	Taoyuan	/kiɑp̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kip̚³/
	Nanning	/kip̚³³/
	Hong Kong	/kip̚³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kiap̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kiɛʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kiɛ²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kiap̚²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kiap̚⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kjaep

Rime
Character	劫
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	業 (147)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居怯切
Baxter	kjaep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨɐp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kiɐp̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kiɐp̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨap̚/
Li Rong	/kiap̚/
Wang Li	/kĭɐp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jie
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gip3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)ap/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kab/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	劫
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jié
Middle Chinese	‹ kjæp ›
Old Chinese	/*k(r)ap/
English	rob
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	劫	劫
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	6438	10694
Phonetic component	劫	去
Rime group	盍	盍
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	劫	劫
Old Chinese	/*kab/	/*kab/
Notes	荀子從刀，又譯kalpa	荀子從刀，又梵譯kalpa

Definitions

劫

1. to coerce; to compel; to threaten
2. to rob; to plunder; to take by force
3. (Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
   1. (hyperbolic) extremely long time
   2. (figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

Synonyms

• (to coerce):

edit

• 勒
• 勒逼 (lèbī)
• 強制／强制 (qiángzhì)
• 強迫／强迫
• 強逼／强逼 (qiǎngbī)
• 押 (Hokkien, Teochew)
• 緊逼／紧逼 (jǐnbī)
• 脅迫／胁迫 (xiépò)
• 迫
• 迫使 (pòshǐ)
• 逼
• 逼迫 (bīpò)

 

• (disaster):

edit

• 亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
• 人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
• 劫煞 (Hokkien)
• 劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
• 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
• 大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
• 大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
• 天災／天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
• 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
• 奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
• 巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
• 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
• 慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
• 慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
• 沙𧐔 (sua¹ sab⁴) (Teochew)
• 浩劫 (hàojié)
• 災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
• 災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
• 災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
• 災害／灾害 (zāihài)
• 災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
• 災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
• 災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
• 災難／灾难 (zāinàn)
• 癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
• 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
• 禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
• 禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
• 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
• 禍息／祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
• 禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
• 禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

 

Compounds

• 一劫
• 中劫
• 乘火打劫 (chénghuǒdǎjié)
• 偷營劫寨／偷营劫寨
• 剽劫
• 劫制
• 劫劫
• 劫匪 (jiéfěi)
• 劫囚 (jiéqiú)
• 劫奪／劫夺 (jiéduó)
• 劫婚
• 劫富濟貧／劫富济贫 (jiéfùjìpín)
• 劫寨 (jiézhài)
• 劫後餘燼／劫后余烬
• 劫後餘生／劫后余生 (jiéhòuyúshēng)
• 劫持 (jiéchí)
• 劫掠 (jiélüè)
• 劫數／劫数 (jiéshù)
• 劫機／劫机 (jiéjī)
• 劫殺／劫杀
• 劫波 (jiébō)
• 劫法場／劫法场
• 劫灰
• 劫營／劫营 (jiéyíng)
• 劫牢
• 劫獄／劫狱 (jiéyù)
• 劫略
• 劫盜／劫盗 (jiédào)
• 劫盟
• 劫簸
• 劫財／劫财
• 劫運／劫运
• 劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
• 劫餘／劫余
• 在劫難逃／在劫难逃 (zàijiénántáo)
• 塵劫／尘劫
• 大劫
• 小劫
• 巴劫 (bājié)
• 巴巴劫劫
• 忙劫
• 忙劫劫
• 忙忙劫劫
• 打劫 (dǎjié)
• 打家劫盜／打家劫盗
• 打家劫舍 (dǎjiājiéshè)
• 搜劫
• 換劫／换劫
• 搶劫／抢劫 (qiǎngjié)
• 攔劫／拦劫 (lánjié)
• 昆池劫灰
• 桃花劫 (táohuājié)
• 歷劫／历劫
• 歷劫歸來／历劫归来
• 永劫 (yǒngjié)
• 波波劫劫
• 洗劫 (xǐjié)
• 浩劫 (hàojié)
• 火劫
• 焚劫
• 生關死劫／生关死劫
• 盜劫／盗劫
• 萬劫／万劫 (wànjié)
• 萬劫不復／万劫不复 (wànjiébùfù)
• 空劫
• 行劫 (xíngjié)
• 要劫
• 賢劫／贤劫
• 趁哄打劫
• 趁火打劫 (chènhuǒdǎjié)
• 趁火搶劫／趁火抢劫
• 路劫
• 遭劫
• 邀劫

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (劫):

• → Japanese: 劫(こう) (kō)
• → Korean: 겁(劫) (geop)
• → Vietnamese: kiếp (劫)

Others:

• → Vietnamese: cướp

References

• “劫”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

劫

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. intimidate
2. aeon, eon

Readings

• Go-on: こう (kō)^{←こふ (kofu, historical)}
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō)^{←けふ (kefu, historical)}
• Kan’yō-on: ごう (gō)^{←ごふ (gofu, historical)}
• Kun: おびやかす (obiyakasu, 劫かす)

Compounds

Compounds

• 劫(こう)火(か) (kōka)
• 曠(こう)劫(ごう) (kōgō)
• 劫(こう)濁(じょく) (kōjoku)
• 劫(こう)奪(だつ) (kōdatsu)
• 劫(ごう)初(しょ) (gōsho)
• 劫(ごう)盗(とう) (gōtō)
• 劫(ごう)末(まつ) (gōmatsu)
• 劫(ごう)掠(りゃく), 劫(ごう)略(りゃく) (gōryaku)
• 永(えい)劫(ごう) (eigō)
• 壊(え)劫(こう) (ekō)
• 億(おっ)劫(こう) (okkō), 億(おっ)劫(くう) (okkū)
• 空(くう)劫(こう) (kūkō)
• 久(く)遠(おん)劫(ごう) (kuongō)
• 倶(く)胝(てい)劫(こう) (kuteikō)
• 減(げん)劫(こう) (genkō)
• 賢(けん)劫(ごう) (kengō), 賢(げん)劫(ごう) (gengō)
• 五(ご)劫(こう)思(し)惟(ゆい) (gokō shiyui)
• 三(さん)阿(あ)僧(そう)祇(ぎ)劫(こう) (san a sōgi kō)
• 四(し)劫(こう) (shikō)
• 住(じゅう)劫(こう) (jūkō)
• 小(しょう)劫(こう) (shōkō)
• 成(じょう)劫(こう) (jōkō), 成(じょう)劫(ごう) (jōgō)
• 塵(じん)劫(こう) (jinkō), 塵(じん)劫(ごう) (jingō), 塵(じん)点(でん)劫(ごう) (jindengō)
• 増(ぞう)劫(こう) (zōkō)
• 多(た)生(しょう)劫(ごう) (tashōgō)
• 万(まん)劫(ごう) (mangō), 万(ばん)劫(ごう) (bangō)
• 無(む)量(りょう)劫(ごう) (muryōgō)
• 歴(りゃっ)劫(こう) (ryakkō)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
劫
こう Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

/kopu/ → /kofu/ → */kowu/ → /koː/

From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep), short form of 劫波 (MC kjaep pa), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa, “aeon”).

Pronunciation 1

• (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ko̞ː]

Noun

劫(こう) • (kō) ^{←こふ (kofu)?}

1. (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 劫(こう)を経(へ)る (kō o heru)
• 劫(こう)﨟(ろう), 劫(こう)臘(ろう) (kōrō)
• 億(おく)万(まん)劫(ごう) (okumangō)
• 時(じ)劫(こう) (jikō)

Proverbs

• 烏(い)賊(か)の甲(こう)より年(とし)の劫(こう) (ika no kō yori toshi no kō)
• 亀(かめ)の甲(こう)より年(とし)の劫(こう) (kame no kō yori toshi no kō)

Pronunciation 2

• (Tokyo) こー [kòó] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ko̞ː]

Noun

劫(こう) • (kō) ^{←こふ (kofu)?}

1. (go) a position in which two alternating stones can be captured and recaptured indefinitely

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 劫(こう)材(ざい) (kōzai)
• 劫(こう)立(だ)て (kōdate)
• 劫(こう)種(だね) (kōdane)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
劫
ごう Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → */ɡowu/ → /ɡoː/

Possibly a shift from kō above. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ごー [góꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɡo̞ː]

Noun

劫(ごう) • (gō) ^{←ごふ (gofu)?}

1. (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 劫(ごう)罰(ばつ) (gōbatsu)
• 時(じ)劫(ごう) (jigō)
• 多(た)劫(ごう) (tagō)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep). Recorded as Middle Korean 刼/겁〮 (kép) (Yale: kep) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

劫 (eumhun 위협할 겁 (wihyeophal geop))

1. hanja form^? of 겁 (“coerce; threaten”) [affix]
2. hanja form^? of 겁 (“kalpa”) [noun]

Compounds

Compounds

• 겁략 (劫掠, geomnyak)
• 겁박 (劫迫, geopbak)
• 겁탈 (劫奪, geoptal)
• 겁박 (劫縛, geopbak)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

劫: Hán Nôm readings: kiếp

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.