Wiktionary

od

See also: Appendix:Variations of "od"

English edit

Etymology 1 edit

Alteration of God.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

od

  1. (now archaic, regional) (Euphemistic form of) God. [from 17th c.]
Derived terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Borrowed from German Od, arbitrarily coined by the German scientist and philosopher Carl Reichenbach (1788–1869).[1][2]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

od

  1. (pseudoscience, historical, also attributive) A hypothetical force or natural power, which was supposed by Carl Reichenbach and others to inhere in certain people and produce phenomena such as animal magnetism and mesmerism, and to be developed by various agencies, as by chemical or vital action, heat, light, magnets, etc.
    Synonyms: (obsolete) odyl, odyle
Alternative forms edit
Derived terms edit

References edit

  1. ^ Charles von Reichenbach [i.e., Carl Reichenbach] (1850) “Sixth Treatise. The Material World in General.”, in Physico-psychological Researches on the Dynamics of Magnetism, Electricity, Heat, Light, Crystallization, and Chemism, in Their Relations to Vital Force. […], London: Hippolyte Baillière, […], →OCLC, paragraph 215, page 224:
    Leaving the etymological derivation to be justified at some other opportunity, I will take the liberty to propose the short word Od for the force which we are engaged in examining. Every one will admit it to be desirable that an uni-syllabic word beginning with a vowel should be selected for an object which occurs universally in an infinity of complex conditions of the material world, for the sake of convenient conjunction in the manifold compound words. The words magnetism, electricity, &c., are by far too long for convenient use in the language of science.
  2. ^ “Od, n.2”, in OED Online  ⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, July 2023; “od1, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

Further reading edit

Anagrams edit

Azerbaijani edit

Other scripts
Cyrillic од
Abjad اوْد

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōt (“fire”).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

od (definite accusative odu, plural odlar)

  1. fire
    Synonyms: atəş, nar

Declension edit

    Declension of od
singular plural
nominative od
 odlar
definite accusative odu
 odları
dative oda
 odlara
locative odda
 odlarda
ablative oddan
 odlardan
definite genitive odun
 odların
    Possessive forms of od
nominative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) odum odlarım
sənin (“your”) odun odların
onun (“his/her/its”) odu odları
bizim (“our”) odumuz odlarımız
sizin (“your”) odunuz odlarınız
onların (“their”) odu or odları odları
accusative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) odumu odlarımı
sənin (“your”) odunu odlarını
onun (“his/her/its”) odunu odlarını
bizim (“our”) odumuzu odlarımızı
sizin (“your”) odunuzu odlarınızı
onların (“their”) odunu or odlarını odlarını
dative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) oduma odlarıma
sənin (“your”) oduna odlarına
onun (“his/her/its”) oduna odlarına
bizim (“our”) odumuza odlarımıza
sizin (“your”) odunuza odlarınıza
onların (“their”) oduna or odlarına odlarına
locative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) odumda odlarımda
sənin (“your”) odunda odlarında
onun (“his/her/its”) odunda odlarında
bizim (“our”) odumuzda odlarımızda
sizin (“your”) odunuzda odlarınızda
onların (“their”) odunda or odlarında odlarında
ablative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) odumdan odlarımdan
sənin (“your”) odundan odlarından
onun (“his/her/its”) odundan odlarından
bizim (“our”) odumuzdan odlarımızdan
sizin (“your”) odunuzdan odlarınızdan
onların (“their”) odundan or odlarından odlarından
genitive
singular plural
mənim (“my”) odumun odlarımın
sənin (“your”) odunun odlarının
onun (“his/her/its”) odunun odlarının
bizim (“our”) odumuzun odlarımızın
sizin (“your”) odunuzun odlarınızın
onların (“their”) odunun or odlarının odlarının

Related terms edit

References edit

  1. ^ Səlimi, Hüseynqulu (1976) A generative phonology of Azerbaijani (PhD)‎[1], University of Florida, page 153: “[T]he words for 'milk' and 'fire' differ with respect to the final stop in Tabriz from the literary dialect. In Tabriz we have [süt] 'milk' and [ot] 'fire' whereas in the literary dialect we have [süd] and [od].”

Czech edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old Czech ot, from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Pronunciation edit

Preposition edit

od [+genitive]

  1. from
    Dostal jsem dopis od bratra. ― I got a letter from my brother.
  2. since
    Od té doby jsem tam nebyl. ― I haven't been there since.
  3. of
    To je od tebe moc hezké. ― That is very nice of you.

Further reading edit

  • od in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
  • od in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

Danish edit

Etymology edit

From Old Norse oddr, from Proto-Germanic *uzdaz, cognate with German Ort (“place, point”).

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /ˈɔðˀ/, [ˈʌðˀ]

Noun edit

od c (singular definite odden, plural indefinite odde)

  1. sharp point

Declension edit

Declension of od
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative od odden odde oddene
genitive ods oddens oddes oddenes

Ido edit

Alternative forms edit

  • o (apocope)

Etymology edit

Borrowing from English or, French ou, Italian od and Spanish o.

Pronunciation edit

Conjunction edit

od

  1. or

Related terms edit

  • ed (“and”)
  • ad (“to”)

Italian edit

Pronunciation edit

Conjunction edit

od

  1. or (used before a vowel for euphony instead of o)

Anagrams edit

Latvian edit

Verb edit

od

  1. inflection of ost:
    1. second-person singular present indicative
    2. second-person singular imperative

Middle English edit

Adjective edit

od

  1. Alternative form of odde

Adverb edit

od

  1. Alternative form of odde

Noun edit

od

  1. Alternative form of odde

Norwegian Nynorsk edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Old Norse óðr.

Adjective edit

od (neuter singular odt, definite singular and plural ode, comparative odare, indefinite superlative odast, definite superlative odaste)

  1. mad, frenzied
    Synonyms: galen, styrlaus
    Han er så od i dag at eg torer ikkje snakka til han.
    He's so mad today that I don't dare talk to him.
  2. on heat, rutting
    Synonyms: brunstig, brundgalen
Derived terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

From Old Norse óðr.

Noun edit

od n (definite singular odet, indefinite plural od, definite plural oda)

  1. wild impulse, sudden compulsion, yearning, frenzy
    Synonyms: ihuge, hugskot
    Eg gjorde det med odet var på meg.
    I did it while the impulse was on me.
  2. stormy weather
    Synonyms: hardver, uver
Derived terms edit

References edit

  • “od” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
  • “od”, in Norsk Ordbok: ordbok over det norske folkemålet og det nynorske skriftmålet, Oslo: Samlaget, 1950-2016

Old French edit

Etymology edit

From Latin apud.

Preposition edit

od

  1. with

Descendants edit

  • Norman: d'ot

Old Polish edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ. The final d is due to analogy with other prepositions such as nad and pod. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

Pronunciation edit

Preposition edit

od [+genitive]

  1. indicates the beginning of an action has lasted; since, from, for
  2. indicates length of time; for
  3. indicates disatance; from, away from
  4. indicates source or cause; from, because of
  5. indicates agent of a request; from
  6. indicates physical origin, sometimes used in names; from
  7. indicates author or letter; by, from
  8. used in passive constructions; by
  9. indicates the scope, manner or degree
  10. indicates relation, intended purpose or use, material, or age; from
  11. used in comparisons; than

Derived terms edit

prefix

Descendants edit

References edit

Polish edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old Polish od.

Pronunciation edit

Preposition edit

od [+genitive]

  1. indicates separation, distance, loss of contact; from, away
    Jesteśmy dość daleko od domu. ― We're pretty far from home.
    Odsuń się od niej! ― Get away from her!
  2. indicates origin of movement; from, away
    Dostałem dziś list od siostry. ― I got a letter from my sister today.
    Odchodzę od tego budynku. ― I am walking away from that building.
  3. indicates moment of origin in time; from, since, for
    Pracuję codziennie od siódmej do piętnastej. ― I work from 7 AM till 3 PM every day.
    Od jutra będę mieszkał we własnym mieszkaniu. ― Starting tomorrow I'll be living in my own flat.
    Odlicz od dziesięciu w dół. ― Count backwards from ten.
    Czekam na ciebie od osiemnastej. ― I have been waiting for you since 6 PM.
  4. indicates source or cause; from, because of
    Jestem mokry od deszczu ― I'm wet from the rain.
  5. indicates intended use or purpose; for
    Czy widzisz przez dziurkę od klucza? ― Can you see through the keyhole? (literally, “Can you see through the hole for the key?”)
    Zamknąłeś okno od samochodu? ― Did you shut the car window?
  6. indicates specialization
  7. used in comparisons; than
    Synonyms: aniżeli, aniżeliby, niż, niżby, niźli, niźliby, niżeli, niżeliby
    Janusz jest wyższy od Piotra. ― Janusz is taller than Piotr.
  8. (Middle Polish) used to indicate the author of a letter or work; from, by
  9. (Middle Polish) used in passive constructions; by
  10. (Middle Polish) indicates material; from
    Synonym: z

Trivia edit

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), od is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 477 times in scientific texts, 319 times in news, 310 times in essays, 371 times in fiction, and 303 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 1780 times, making it the 23rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “od”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎[2] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 309

Further reading edit

  • od in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • od in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “od”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • “OD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 May 24
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎[3]
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎[4]
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎[5] (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 564

Serbo-Croatian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti. See od-, ot-, o, oda-.

Pronunciation edit

Preposition edit

ȍd (Cyrillic spelling о̏д)

  1. from, since [+genitive]
    od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade
    od jutra do mraka ― from dusk until dawn
    od 5 do 10 sati ― from 5 to 10 o'clock
    od danas ― from today on
    od sad(a) ― from now on
    od tad(a) ― since then
    od kraja zime ― from the end of winter
  2. of [+genitive]
    selo od tri kuće ― a village of three houses
    jedan od njih ― one of them
    čovjek od (svoje) r(ij)eči. ― a man of his word
    Hvala! To je bilo jako l(ij)epo od tebe! ― Thank you! That was very nice of you!
  3. (comparison) (+ genitive case) than
    Avioni su brži od helikoptera. ― Airplanes are faster than helicopters.
    Stariji je od svoje sestre. ― He is older than his sister.
  4. made of, made out of, made from [+genitive]
    stolica od drveta ― a chair made of wood
    Plastika se proizvodi od nafte. ― Plastic is made from oil.
    U slamovima, ljudi često žive u kućama napravljenim od otpadnog metala. ― In slums, people often live in houses made out of scrap metal.
  5. (proscribed, passive voice) (+ genitive case) by (usually followed by strane ("side/party") denoting the party which is doing the action; active form is preferred in formal language)
    Bomba je bila pronađena od (strane) policije. ― The bomb was found by the police.
  6. because of, from, with (denoting a direct or indirect cause) [+genitive]
    Umrla je od raka kože. ― She died of skin cancer.
    Umrla je od alkoholizma. ― She died from alcoholism.
    umr(ij)eti od dosade ― to die of boredom
    drhtati od straha ― to tremble with fear
    tresti se od hladnoće ― to shiver with cold

Slovak edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Pronunciation edit

Preposition edit

od (+ genitive)

  1. from
  2. since
  3. of

Slovene edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Pronunciation edit

Preposition edit

od

  1. from, away from [+genitive]
  2. since or starting from (place or time) [+genitive]
  3. originating from, having origin in [+genitive]
  4. of, belonging to, part of [+genitive]
  5. (with genitive, in comparisons) than
  6. of, from, because of, due to [+genitive]

Turkish edit

Etymology edit

From Ottoman Turkish اود (od), اوت (ot), from Old Anatolian Turkish اود (od), from Proto-Turkic *ōt (“fire”).

Noun edit

od (definite accusative odu, plural odlar)

  1. (archaic or dialectal) fire
    Synonyms: ateş, nâr

Declension edit

Inflection
Nominative od
Definite accusative odu
Singular Plural
Nominative od odlar
Definite accusative odu odları
Dative oda odlara
Locative odda odlarda
Ablative oddan odlardan
Genitive odun odların
Possessive forms
Nominative
Singular Plural
1st singular odum odlarım
2nd singular odun odların
3rd singular odu odları
1st plural odumuz odlarımız
2nd plural odunuz odlarınız
3rd plural odları odları
Definite accusative
Singular Plural
1st singular odumu odlarımı
2nd singular odunu odlarını
3rd singular odunu odlarını
1st plural odumuzu odlarımızı
2nd plural odunuzu odlarınızı
3rd plural odlarını odlarını
Dative
Singular Plural
1st singular oduma odlarıma
2nd singular oduna odlarına
3rd singular oduna odlarına
1st plural odumuza odlarımıza
2nd plural odunuza odlarınıza
3rd plural odlarına odlarına
Locative
Singular Plural
1st singular odumda odlarımda
2nd singular odunda odlarında
3rd singular odunda odlarında
1st plural odumuzda odlarımızda
2nd plural odunuzda odlarınızda
3rd plural odlarında odlarında
Ablative
Singular Plural
1st singular odumdan odlarımdan
2nd singular odundan odlarından
3rd singular odundan odlarından
1st plural odumuzdan odlarımızdan
2nd plural odunuzdan odlarınızdan
3rd plural odlarından odlarından
Genitive
Singular Plural
1st singular odumun odlarımın
2nd singular odunun odlarının
3rd singular odunun odlarının
1st plural odumuzun odlarımızın
2nd plural odunuzun odlarınızın
3rd plural odlarının odlarının

Related terms edit

Volapük edit

Pronoun edit

od

  1. each other

Declension edit

    declension of od
singular plural
nominative od ods
genitive oda odas
dative ode odes
accusative odi odis

Welsh edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Middle English odde.

Adjective edit

od (feminine singular od, plural od, equative oded, comparative odach, superlative odaf)

  1. odd, strange
    Synonyms: anarferol, rhyfedd
  2. odd (not even)
    Antonym: cynifer
Usage notes edit

Unusually for a monosyllabic word ending in a monophthong and single d, the current spelling of this word does not require the grave accent to indicate that the vowel is short. Likewise, there is a circumflex in the word ôd to show that its vowel is long. Compare this to regular spellings such as mwd and mẁd or nod and nòd. This phenomenon of not requiring a grave accent where one may expect it is more common in well-established grammatical words such as od below. See also os, nid or nag for similar cases.

Derived terms edit
  • odiaeth (“excellent, splendid”)
  • odrif (“odd number”)

Etymology 2 edit

Conjunction edit

od

  1. (literary) Alternative form of o (“if, whether”) used before vowels.

Mutation edit

Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
od unchanged unchanged hod
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=od&oldid=78969168"