राष्ट्र

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra). Doublet of राठ (rāṭh), a tadbhava; see also मराठा (marāṭhā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ɾɑːʂ.ʈɾᵊ/, [ɾäːʂ.ʈɾᵊ]

Noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭra) m (Urdu spelling راشٹر)

1. nation (sovereign state)

   Synonyms: देश (deś), राज्य (rājya)

   दूसरे विश्वयुद्ध के दौरान, स्पेन तटस्थ राष्ट्र था।

   dūsre viśvayuddh ke daurān, spen taṭasth rāṣṭra thā.

   During the Second World War, Spain was a neutral nation.

2. nation (community of people having a common identity)

   हिंदू राष्ट्र ― hindū rāṣṭra ― the Hindu nation

Declension

Declension of राष्ट्र (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	राष्ट्र rāṣṭra	राष्ट्र rāṣṭra
oblique	राष्ट्र rāṣṭra	राष्ट्रों rāṣṭrõ
vocative	राष्ट्र rāṣṭra	राष्ट्रो rāṣṭro

Derived terms

• महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)
• राष्ट्रभाषा (rāṣṭrabhāṣā)
• राष्ट्रीय (rāṣṭrīya)

Related terms

• राष्ट्रपति (rāṣṭrapti)

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “राष्ट्र”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾaʂ.ʈɾə/

Noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭra) n or m

1. country, realm, region; territory or tract
2. assembled multitude, numerous company or concourse, host, swarm
3. nation

Derived terms

• महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)
• राष्ट्रभाषा (rāṣṭrabhāṣā)
• राष्ट्रीय (rāṣṭrīy)
• राष्ट्रपती (rāṣṭraptī)
• राष्ट्रप्रेम (rāṣṭraprem)
• राष्ट्रभक्ती (rāṣṭrabhaktī)
• राष्ट्रवादी (rāṣṭravādī)

Further reading

• Molesworth, James T. (1831) A Dictionary Muraṭ,hee & English‎^[1], Bombay, page 878

Nepali

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [räs̠t̠rʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: रास्ट्र

Noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭra)

1. nation, country

   Synonym: देश (deś)

References

• “राष्ट्र”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[2], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “राष्ट्र”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ৰাষ্ট্ৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬭᬵᬱ᭄ᬝ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
• রাষ্ট্র (Bengali script)
• 𑰨𑰯𑰬𑰿𑰘𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀭𑀸𑀱𑁆𑀝𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• ရာၑ္ဋြ (Burmese script)
• રાષ્ટ્ર (Gujarati script)
• ਰਾਸ਼੍ਟ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌰𑌾𑌷𑍍𑌟𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦫꦴꦰ꧀ꦛꦿ (Javanese script)
• 𑂩𑂰𑂭𑂹𑂗𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ (Kannada script)
• រាឞ្ដ្រ (Khmer script)
• ຣາຩ຺ຏ຺ຣ (Lao script)
• രാഷ്ട്ര (Malayalam script)
• ᡵᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢢᢞᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘨𑘰𑘬𑘿𑘘𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᠷᠠᢗᢔᢌᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧈𑧑𑧌𑧠𑦸𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐬𑐵𑐲𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
• ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର (Odia script)
• ꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆫𑆳𑆰𑇀𑆛𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖨𑖯𑖬𑖿𑖘𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
• රාෂ‍්ට්‍ර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩼𑩛𑪀 𑪙𑩦 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚤𑚭𑚶𑚔𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
• ராஷ்ட்ர (Tamil script)
• రాష్ట్ర (Telugu script)
• ราษฺฏฺร (Thai script)
• རཱ་ཥྚྲ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒩𑒰𑒭𑓂𑒙𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨫𑨊𑨯𑩇𑨔𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵ-tro-m, from *h₃rḗǵs (“king”) (which was reinterpreted as being from a root *h₃rēǵ-) + *-trom (suffix denoting an instrument). See also राज् (rāj), राजन् (rājan).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɾɑːʂ.ʈɾɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈɾɑːʂ.ʈɾɐ/

Noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭrá) stem, n or m

1. a kingdom, realm, empire, dominion, district, country
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 4.42.1:

     मम॑ द्वि॒ता रा॒ष्ट्रं क्ष॒त्रिय॑स्य वि॒श्वायो॒र्विश्वे॑ अ॒मृता॒ यथा॑ नः।
     क्रतुं॑ सचन्ते॒ वरु॑णस्य दे॒वा राजा॑मि कृ॒ष्टेरु॑प॒मस्य॑ व॒व्रेः॥

     máma dvitā́ rāṣṭráṃ kṣatríyasya viśvā́yorvíśve amṛ́tā yáthā naḥ.
     krátuṃ sacante váruṇasya devā́ rā́jāmi kṛṣṭérupamásya vavréḥ.

     Twofold is my empire, that of the whole kṣatriya race, and all the immortals are ours; the gods associate me with the acts of Varuṇa; I rule over (those) of the proximate form of man.

2. a people, nation, subjects
   • c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti
   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
3. public calamity such as plague, famine, etc.

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of राष्ट्र (rāṣṭrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	राष्ट्रम् rāṣṭrám	राष्ट्रे rāṣṭré	राष्ट्राणि / राष्ट्रा¹ rāṣṭrā́ṇi / rāṣṭrā́¹
Vocative	राष्ट्र rā́ṣṭra	राष्ट्रे rā́ṣṭre	राष्ट्राणि / राष्ट्रा¹ rā́ṣṭrāṇi / rā́ṣṭrā¹
Accusative	राष्ट्रम् rāṣṭrám	राष्ट्रे rāṣṭré	राष्ट्राणि / राष्ट्रा¹ rāṣṭrā́ṇi / rāṣṭrā́¹
Instrumental	राष्ट्रेण rāṣṭréṇa	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrā́bhyām	राष्ट्रैः / राष्ट्रेभिः¹ rāṣṭraíḥ / rāṣṭrébhiḥ¹
Dative	राष्ट्राय rāṣṭrā́ya	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrā́bhyām	राष्ट्रेभ्यः rāṣṭrébhyaḥ
Ablative	राष्ट्रात् rāṣṭrā́t	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrā́bhyām	राष्ट्रेभ्यः rāṣṭrébhyaḥ
Genitive	राष्ट्रस्य rāṣṭrásya	राष्ट्रयोः rāṣṭráyoḥ	राष्ट्राणाम् rāṣṭrā́ṇām
Locative	राष्ट्रे rāṣṭré	राष्ट्रयोः rāṣṭráyoḥ	राष्ट्रेषु rāṣṭréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Masculine a-stem declension of राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	राष्ट्रः rāṣṭraḥ	राष्ट्रौ rāṣṭrau	राष्ट्राः rāṣṭrāḥ
Vocative	राष्ट्र rāṣṭra	राष्ट्रौ rāṣṭrau	राष्ट्राः rāṣṭrāḥ
Accusative	राष्ट्रम् rāṣṭram	राष्ट्रौ rāṣṭrau	राष्ट्रान् rāṣṭrān
Instrumental	राष्ट्रेण rāṣṭreṇa	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrābhyām	राष्ट्रैः rāṣṭraiḥ
Dative	राष्ट्राय rāṣṭrāya	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrābhyām	राष्ट्रेभ्यः rāṣṭrebhyaḥ
Ablative	राष्ट्रात् rāṣṭrāt	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrābhyām	राष्ट्रेभ्यः rāṣṭrebhyaḥ
Genitive	राष्ट्रस्य rāṣṭrasya	राष्ट्रयोः rāṣṭrayoḥ	राष्ट्राणाम् rāṣṭrāṇām
Locative	राष्ट्रे rāṣṭre	राष्ट्रयोः rāṣṭrayoḥ	राष्ट्रेषु rāṣṭreṣu

The masculine only occurs in non-Vedic texts.

Synonyms

• राज्य (rājya), साम्राज्य (sāmrājya) (a kingdom, a great realm, an empire)

Derived terms

• राष्ट्रपति (rāṣṭrapati)
• राष्ट्रिका f (rāṣṭrikā)
• राष्ट्रीय (rāṣṭrīya)
• सुराष्ट्र (surāṣṭra)

Descendants

• Dhivehi: ރަށް (raṣ̊)
• Pali: raṭṭha
  • → Burmese: ရဋ္ဌ (rathta.)
  • → Khmer: រដ្ឋ (rŏət)
  • → Lao: ລັດ (lat), ຣັຖ (rat) (old spelling)
  • → Thai: รัฐ (rát)

Borrowed terms

• Hindi: राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra)
• Burmese: ရာသတြ (Raasatra)
• Malayalam: രാഷ്ട്രം (rāṣṭraṁ)
• Marathi: राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra)
• Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ (rāṣṭra)
• Nepali: राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra)
• Punjabi: ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ (rāśṭar)
• Telugu: రాష్ట్రము (rāṣṭramu)
• Thai: ราษฎร (râat-sà-dɔɔn), ราษฎร์ (râat)

Proper noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭra) stem, m

1. name of a king (son of काशि)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “राष्ट्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0879/2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 449-50
• Haughton, Graves C. (1833) “ৰাষ্ট্ৰ”, in A Dictionary, Bengálí and Sanskrit, Explained in English, and Adapted for Students of Either Language‎^[4], London: J. L. Cox & Son, page 2397
• Hellwig, Oliver (2010-2024) “rāṣṭra”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.