Wiktionary

参る

See also: 參る

Japanese edit

Kanji in this term
参
まい
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
參る (kyūjitai)

Etymology edit

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Needs cleanup -- etym is currently tautological. See 語誌 notes in NKD entry -- まゐ element is of uncertain derivation. At any rate, it cannot be the stem of まゐる if まゐる is derived from itself.”

⟨mawi iru⟩ → /mawiru/ → /mairu/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]

Originally a compound of 參 (mawi → mai, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of Old Japanese verb 參る (mawiru → mairu), “to go, particularly to the place or person of a social superior”, humble) +‎ 入る (iru, “to enter”).[1][2][3] Old Japanese did not allow vowel clusters, resulting in the shortening of mawi iru to mawiru.

The transitive senses are obsolete in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation edit

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "参る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		参る ま​いる [máꜜìrù]
Imperative (命令形) 参れ ま​いれ [máꜜìrè]
Key constructions
Passive 参られる まいられ​る [màíráréꜜrù]
Causative 参らせる まいらせ​る [màíráséꜜrù]
Potential 参れる まいれ​る [màíréꜜrù]
Volitional 参ろう まいろ​ー [màíróꜜò]
Negative 参らない まいら​ない [màíráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 参らなかった まいら​なかった [màíráꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 参ります まいりま​す [màírímáꜜsù]
Perfective 参った ま​いった [máꜜìttà]
Conjunctive 参って ま​いって [máꜜìttè]
Hypothetical conditional 参れば ま​いれば [máꜜìrèbà]

Verb edit

参(まい)る • (mairu) ←まゐる (mawiru)?transitive or intransitive godan (stem 参(まい)り (mairi), past 参(まい)った (maitta))

Japanese verb pair
causative 参(まい)らせる (参(まい)らせる)
active 参(まい)る (参(まい)る)
mediopassive 参(まい)る (参(まい)る)
  1. [from 720] (intransitive, humble) to go
    このエレベーターは上(うえ)へ参(まい)ります。
    Kono erebētā wa ue e mairimasu.
    This lift is going up.
    では、参(まい)ります。
    Deha, mairimasu.
    Let us start.
  2. [from early 1000s] (intransitive, humble) to come
    電(でん)車(しゃ)がまいります。 ― densha ga mairimasu. ― The train is arriving.
  3. [from late 900s] (intransitive) to visit (typically a place of social or spiritual importance, such as a noble's house or a shrine)
    墓(はか)に参(まい)る ― haka ni mairu ― to visit a grave
    神(じん)社(じゃ)に参(まい)る ― jinja ni mairu ― to visit a shrine
  4. to be overcome, to cede to a superior person or superior circumstances (by extension from the older "go to a superior" sense)
    1. [from late 1500s] (intransitive) to lose to an opponent
      参(まい)ったな。 ― maitta na. ― You got me.
    2. [from early 1900s] (intransitive) to be bothered, overwhelmed, done in by circumstances
      暑(あつ)さに参(まい)る
      atsusa ni mairu
      to be done in by the heat
    3. [from early 1900s] (intransitive) to die
    4. [from early 1900s] (intransitive) to fall for someone romantically
  5. (transitive, humble, archaic) to go to (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
  6. [late 900s–???] (transitive, humble, archaic) to serve someone in some capacity, to do something for someone
  7. [1478–???] (transitive, humble, archaic) a 脇付 (wakizuke, “respectful title written after an addressee's name”) on the side of a formal letter

Conjugation edit

Conjugation of "参る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 参ら まいら maira
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 参り まいり mairi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 参る まいる mairu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 参る まいる mairu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 参れ まいれ maire
Meireikei ("imperative") 参れ まいれ maire
Key constructions
Passive 参られる まいられる mairareru
Causative 参らせる
参らす 		まいらせる
まいらす 		mairaseru
mairasu
Potential 参れる まいれる maireru
Volitional 参ろう まいろう mairō
Negative 参らない まいらない mairanai
Negative continuative 参らず まいらず mairazu
Formal 参ります まいります mairimasu
Perfective 参った まいった maitta
Conjunctive 参って まいって maitte
Hypothetical conditional 参れば まいれば maireba
Classical conjugation of "参る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 参ら まゐら mawira
Continuative (連用形) 参り まゐり mawiri
Terminal (終止形) 参る まゐる mawiru
Attributive (連体形) 参る まゐる mawiru
Realis (已然形) 参れ まゐれ mawire
Imperative (命令形) 参れ まゐれ mawire
Key constructions
Negative 参らず まゐらず mawirazu
Contrasting conjunction 参れど まゐれど mawiredo
Causal conjunction 参れば まゐれば mawireba
Conditional conjunction 参らば まゐらば mawiraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 参りき まゐりき mawiriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 参りけり まゐりけり mawirikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 参りつ まゐりつ mawiritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 参りぬ まゐりぬ mawirinu
Perfect-continuative tense 参れり
参りたり		 まゐれり
まゐりたり		 mawireri
mawiritari
Volitional 参らむ まゐらむ mawiramu

Derived terms edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “参”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  5. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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