do

See also: Appendix:Variations of "do"

Contents

English

Alternative forms

• doe

Etymology 1

From Middle English don, from Old English dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, do, make”).

The past tense form is from Middle English didde, dude, from Old English dyde, *diede, from Proto-Germanic *dedǭ/*dedē, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, an athematic e-reduplicated verb of the same root *dʰeh₁-.

The use of do in interrogative, negative, and, formerly, affirmative sentences, unusual in Germanic languages, is thought to be calqued from Brythonic.

Pronunciation

• (UK) enPR: do͞o, IPA^(key): /duː/
• (US, Canada) enPR: do͞o, IPA^(key): /du/
• (General Australian) IPA^(key): /dʉː/
• (US)

  (file)

• Audio (AU)

  (file)

• (colloquial; for some speakers, when 'do' is unstressed and the next word starts with /j/) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒ/
• Rhymes: -uː
• Homophone: doo
• Homophones: dew, due (in accents with yod-dropping)

Verb

do (third-person singular simple present does, present participle doing, simple past did, past participle done)

1. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker
   1. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be.

      Do you go there often?

   2. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in negations with the indicative and imperative moods.
      • 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 4, in The Celebrity:

        “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.

      I do not go there often.

      Do not listen to him.

   3. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker for emphasis with the indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods.
      • 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

        “I don't know how you and the ‘head,’ as you call him, will get on, but I do know that if you call my duds a ‘livery’ again there'll be trouble. It's bad enough to go around togged out like a life saver on a drill day, but I can stand that 'cause I'm paid for it. […]”

      But I do go sometimes.

      Do tell us.

      It is important that he do come see me.

   4. (pro-verb) A syntactic marker that refers back to an earlier verb and allows the speaker to avoid repeating the verb; not generally used with auxiliaries such as "be".

      I play tennis; she does too.

      1. (African American Vernacular) Can refer back to "be".

         They don't think it be like it is, but it do.

2. (transitive) To perform; to execute.
   • 2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 48:

     The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing", […] and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.

   All you ever do is surf the Internet. What will you do this afternoon?

3. (obsolete) To cause, make (someone) (do something).
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, II.vi:

     Sometimes to doe him laugh, she would assay / To laugh at shaking of the leaues light, / Or to behold the water worke […]

   • W. Caxton

     My lord Abbot of Westminster did do shewe to me late certain evidences.

   • Spenser

     a fatal plague which many did to die

   • Bible, 2 Cor. viii. 1

     We do you to wit [i.e. we make you to know] of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia.

4. (intransitive, transitive) To suffice.
   • 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 4, in The Celebrity:

     “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.

   • 1922, Margery Williams, The Velveteen Rabbit

     "Here," she said, "take your old Bunny! He'll do to sleep with you!" And she dragged the Rabbit out by one ear, and put him into the Boy's arms.

   it’s not the best broom, but it will have to do;  this will do me, thanks.

5. (intransitive) To be reasonable or acceptable.

   It simply will not do to have dozens of children running around such a quiet event.

6. (transitive) To have (as an effect).

   The fresh air did him some good.

7. (intransitive) To fare, perform (well or poorly).
   • 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

     Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

   Our relationship isn't doing very well;  how do you do?

8. (transitive, chiefly in questions) To have as one's job.

   What does Bob do? — He's a plumber.

9. To perform the tasks or actions associated with (something)

   "Don't forget to do your report" means something quite different depending on whether you're a student or a programmer.

10. To cook.
    • 1889, Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men In a Boat:

      It seemed, from his account, that he was very good at doing scrambled eggs.

    • 1944, News from the Suburbs‎^[2]:

      We went down below, and the galley-slave did some ham and eggs, and the first lieutenant, who was aged 19, told me about Sicily, and time went like a flash.

    • 2005, Alan Tansley, The Grease Monkey, page 99:

      Next morning, they woke about ten o'clock, Kev, went for a shower while Alice, did some toast, put the kettle on, and when he came out, she went in.

    I'll just do some eggs.

11. (transitive) To travel in, to tour, to make a circuit of.
    • 1869, Louisa May Alcott, Little Women, 1957 ed. edition:

      We 'did' London to our heart's content, thanks to Fred and Frank, and were sorry to go away, […]

    • 1892, James Batchelder, Multum in Parvo: Notes from the Life and Travels of James Batchelder‎^[3], page 97:

      After doing Paris and its suburbs, I started for London […]

    • 1968, July 22, “Ralph Schoenstein”, in Nice Place to Visit‎^[4], page 28:

      No tourist can get credit for seeing America first without doing New York, the Wonderful Town, the Baghdad-on-Hudson, the dream in the eye of the Kansas hooker […]

    Let’s do New York also.

12. (transitive) To treat in a certain way.
    • 1894, (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[5], volume 87, page 59:

      They did me well, I assure you — uncommon well: Bellinger of '84; green chartreuse fit for a prince; […]

    • 1928, Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Abominable History of the Man with Copper Fingers", in Lord Peter Views the Body,

      Upon my word, although he [my host] certainly did me uncommonly well, I began to feel I'd be more at ease among the bushmen.

    • 1994, Jervey Tervalon, Understand This‎^[6], →ISBN, page 50:

      "Why you gonna do me like that?" I ask. "Do what?" "Dog me."

13. (transitive) To work for or on, by way of caring for, looking after, preparing, cleaning, keeping in order, etc.
    • Harper's Magazine

      The sergeants seem to do themselves pretty well.

14. (intransitive, obsolete) To act or behave in a certain manner; to conduct oneself.
    • Bible, 2 Kings xvii. 34

      They fear not the Lord, neither do they after […] the law and commandment.

15. (transitive) (see also do time) To spend (time) in jail.

    I did five years for armed robbery.

16. (transitive) To impersonate or depict.

    They really laughed when he did Clinton, with a perfect accent and a leer.

17. (transitive, slang) To kill.
    • 2004, Patrick Stevens, Politics Is the Greatest Game: A Johannesburg Liberal Lampoon‎^[7], →ISBN, page 314:

      He's gonna do me, Jarvis. I kid you not, this time he's gonna do me proper.

    • 2007, E.J. Churchill, The Lazarus Code, page 153:

      The order came and I did him right there. The bullet went right where it was supposed to go.

18. (transitive, slang) To deal with for good and all; to finish up; to undo; to ruin; to do for.
    • Charles Reade

      Sometimes they lie in wait in these dark streets, and fracture his skull, […] or break his arm, or cut the sinew of his wrist; and that they call doing him.

19. (informal) To punish for a misdemeanor.

    He got done for speeding.

    Teacher'll do you for that!

20. (transitive, slang) To have sex with. (See also do it)
    • c. 1590, William Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus, Act IV, scene II:

      Demetrius: "Villain, what hast thou done?"
      Aaron: "That which thou canst not undo."
      Chiron: "Thou hast undone our mother."
      Aaron: "Villain, I have done thy mother."

    • 1996, James Russell Kincaid, My Secret Life, page 81:

      […] one day I did her on the kitchen table, and several times on the dining-room table.

    • 2008, On the Line, Donna Hill‎^[8], page 84:

      The uninhibited woman within wanted to do him right there on the countertop, but I remained composed.

21. (transitive) To cheat or swindle.

    That guy just did me out of two hundred bucks!

    • De Quincey

      He was not to be done, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy-five per cent.

22. (transitive) To convert into a certain form; especially, to translate.

    the novel has just been done into English;  I'm going to do this play into a movie

23. (transitive, intransitive) To finish.

    Aren't you done yet?

24. (Britain, dated, intransitive) To work as a domestic servant (with for).
    • 1915, Frank Thomas Bullen, Recollections

      I've left my key in my office in Manchester, my family are at Bournemouth, and the old woman who does for me goes home at nine o'clock.

25. (archaic, dialectal, transitive, auxiliary) Used to form the present progressive of verbs.
    • 1844, William Barnes, Evenén in the Village, Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:

      ...An' the dogs do bark, an' the rooks be a-vled to the elems high and dark, an' the water do roar at mill.

26. (stock exchange) To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note.
27. (informal, transitive) To make or provide.

    Do they do haircuts there?

    Could you do me a burger with mayonnaise instead of ketchup?

28. (informal, transitive) To injure (one's own body part).
    • 2010 April 24, “Given stretchered off with suspected broken shoulder”, in The Irish Times‎^[9], retrieved 2015-07-21:

      "Defender Kolo Toure admitted Given will be a loss, but gave his backing to Nielsen. 'I think he's done his shoulder,' said the Ivorian."

    • 2014 April 14, Matt Cleary, “What do Australia's cricketers do on holiday?”, in ESPNcricinfo‎^[10], retrieved 2015-07-21:

      "Watto will spend the entire winter stretching and doing Pilates, and do a hamstring after bending down to pick up his petrol cap after dropping it filling his car at Caltex Cronulla."

    • 2014 August 13, Harry Thring, “I knew straight away I'd done my ACL: Otten”, in AFL.com.au‎^[11], retrieved 2015-07-21:

      "'I knew straight away I'd done my ACL, I heard the sound - it was very loud and a few of the boys said they heard it as well,' Otten said."

29. (transitive) To take drugs.

    I do cocaine.

30. (transitive, in the form be doing [somewhere]) To exist with a purpose or for a reason.

    What's that car doing in our swimming pool?

Conjugation

conjugation of do

infinitive				do
present participle				doing
past participle				done
	simple			progressive			perfect			perfect progressive
present	I do	we do		I am doing	we are doing		I have done	we have done		I have been doing	we have been doing
	you do	you do		you are doing	you are doing		you have done	you have done		you have been doing	you have been doing
	he does	they do		he is doing	they are doing		he has done	they have done		he has been doing	they have been doing
past	I did	we did		I was doing	we were doing		I had done	we had done		I had been doing	we had been doing
	you did	you did		you were doing	you were doing		you had done	you had done		you had been doing	you had been doing
	he did	they did		he was doing	they were doing		he had done	they had done		he had been doing	they had been doing
future	I will do	we will do		I will be doing	we will be doing		I will have done	we will have done		I will have been doing	we will have been doing
	you will do	you will do		you will be doing	you will be doing		you will have done	you will have done		you will have been doing	you will have been doing
	he will do	they will do		he will be doing	they will be doing		he will have done	they will have done		he will have been doing	they will have been doing
conditional	I would do	we would do		I would be doing	we would be doing		I would have done	we would have done		I would have been doing	we would have been doing
	you would do	you would do		you would be doing	you would be doing		you would have done	you would have done		you would have been doing	you would have been doing
	he would do	they would do		he would be doing	they would be doing		he would have done	they would have done		he would have been doing	they would have been doing
imperative	do

Usage notes

• In older forms of English, when the pronoun thou was in active use, and verbs used -est for distinct second-person singular indicative forms, the verb do had two such forms: dost, in auxiliary uses, and doest, in other uses. The past tense of both forms is didst.
• Similarly, when the ending -eth was in active use for third-person singular present indicative forms, the form doth was used as an auxiliary, and the form doeth elsewhere.

Antonyms

• don't

Derived terms

• bedo
• can do with
• do a…
• doable
• do a runner
• do by
• do by halves
• do down
• doer
• do for
• dogoodery
• do ill
• do in
• do it
• do right by
• done
• do one's easement
• do-over
• do somebody wrong
• do the trick
• do time
• do up
• do well by doing good
• do with mirrors
• do without
• fordo
• misdo
• redo
• overdo
• to do with
• underdo
• undo

 

Translations

See do/translations § Verb.

See also

• Appendix:Collocations of do, have, make, and take
• Category:English verbs with weak preterite but strong past participle

Noun

do (plural dos)

1. (colloquial) A party, celebration, social function.

   We’re having a bit of a do on Saturday to celebrate my birthday.

   • 2013, Russell Brand, Russell Brand and the GQ awards: 'It's amazing how absurd it seems' (in The Guardian, 13 September 2013)[12]

     After a load of photos and what-not, we descend the world's longest escalator, which are called that even as they de-escalate, and in we go to the main forum, a high ceilinged hall, full of circular cloth-draped, numbered tables, a stage at the front, the letters GQ, 12-foot high in neon at the back; this aside, though, neon forever the moniker of trash, this is a posh do, in an opera house full of folk in tuxes.

3. (informal) A hairdo.
   • 2012, Hannah Richell, The Secrets of the Tides, →ISBN, page 464:

     I like the new do.

   Nice do!

4. Something that can or should be done (usually in the phrase dos and don'ts).
5. (obsolete) A deed; an act.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Sir Walter Scott to this entry?)

6. (archaic) Ado; bustle; stir; to-do; A period of confusion or argument.
   • Selden

     A great deal of do, and a great deal of trouble.

7. (obsolete, Britain, slang) A cheat; a swindler.
8. (obsolete, Britain, slang) An act of swindling; a fraud or deception.

Usage notes

• For the plural of the noun, the spelling dos would be correct; do's is often used for the sake of legibility, but is sometimes considered incorrect. For the party, the term usually implies a social function of modest size and formality.

Synonyms

• (period of confusion or argument): to-do
• (party, celebration): get-together

Translations

function, celebration, party

• Dutch: gedoe, feest (nl), fuif (nl) (Flemish)

• Finnish: pirskeet, juhlat (fi)

period of confusion or argument

• Dutch: gedoe, ruzie (nl)

• Finnish: mekkala

hairdo

• Dutch: snit
• Finnish: kampaus (fi)

• Portuguese: penteado (pt)

Etymology 2

From the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni, who suggested replacing the original ut with an open syllable for ease of singing. First found in Italian.

Alternative forms

• doh

Pronunciation

• (UK) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /dəʊ/
• (US) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /doʊ/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -əʊ
• Homophones: doe, dough

Noun

do (plural dos)

1. (music) A syllable used in solfège to represent the first and eighth tonic of a major scale.

Synonyms

• ut (archaic)

Translations

tonic of the C major scale

• Arabic: دُو‎ (ar) m (dū), دُو‎ (ar) m (do)
• Basque: do (eu)
• Catalan: do (ca)
• Dutch: do (nl)
• Faroese: do
• Finnish: do (fi)
• French: do (fr)
• Greek: ντο (el) n (do)
• Hebrew: דוֹ‎ (he) (do)

• Japanese: ド (ja) (do)
• Korean: 도 (ko) (do)
• Macedonian: до (do)
• Portuguese: dó (pt)
• Russian: до (ru) n (do)
• Spanish: do (es)
• Swedish: do (sv)
• Thai: โด (th) (doo)

See also

names for musical notes

• fa
• la
• mi
• re
• so
• ti

 

Etymology 3

Short for ditto.

Adverb

do (not comparable)

1. (rare) Abbreviation of ditto.

References

Anagrams

• O&D, O.D., O/D, OD, od

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Albanian

Verb

do

1. To want.
2. To like.
3. To love.

   Të dua.

   I love you.

---

Bambara

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dòꜜò]

Noun

do

1. group

References

• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

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Barai

Noun

do

1. water

References

• The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986, →ISBN

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Catalan

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA^(key): /ˈdo/

Etymology 1

From Latin dōnum (“gift”)

Noun

do m (plural dons)

1. gift
2. talent

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Italian do.

Noun

do m (plural dos)

1. (music) do (first note of diatonic scale)

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Central Franconian

Etymology 1

From Old High German dār (“there”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔː/

Adverb

do

1. here; there; in this or that place

Etymology 2

From Old High German duo (“then”), variant of do, dō. Compare German da, Dutch toen.

Alternative forms

• du, dunn (southern Moselle Francoinan)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/ (traditional)
• IPA^(key): /dɔː/ (now sometimes by conflation with etymology 1 under standard German influence)

Adverb

do

1. (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian) then; back then (at a certain time in the past)

Etymology 3

From Old High German du.

Alternative forms

• du (many dialects)
• dou (some dialects of Moselle Franconian)
• de (unstressed form)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/

Pronoun

do

1. (few dialects, including Kölsch) thou; you (singular)

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Czech

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/

• audio

  (file)

Preposition

do + genitive

1. into, in (to the inside of)

   Vešel do místnosti. —He walked into the room.

   Dostala se jí voda do bot.—Water got in her boots.

2. to, in (in the direction of, and arriving at; indicating destination)

   Jdeme do obchodu. — We are walking to the shop.

   Přiletěli jsme do New Yorku. — We arrived in New York.

3. until (up to the time of)

   Zůstal tam až do neděle.—He stayed there until Sunday.

4. by (at some time before the given time)

   Ať jsi zpátky do desíti! — Be back by ten o'clock!

---

Dutch

Etymology

From Italian do (“the note”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -oː

Noun

do m, f (plural do's)

1. do, the musical note
2. (Belgium) C, the musical note

Synonyms

• ut (archaic)

See also

• bee
• fa
• kruis
• la
• mi
• mol
• re
• si
• sol

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Esperanto

Etymology 1

Noun

do (accusative singular do-on, plural do-oj, accusative plural do-ojn)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo

Etymology 2

From French donc.

Adverb

do

1. therefore, then, indeed, however

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Fala

Etymology

From Old Portuguese do, from de + o.

Preposition

do m (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)

1. contraction of de (“of”) + o (“the”)
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala (in Fala), Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:

     I si “a patria do homi é sua lengua”, cumu idía Albert Camus, o que está claru é que a lengua está mui por encima de fronteiras, serras, rius i maris, de situaciós pulíticas i sociu-económicas, de lazus religiosus e inclusu familiaris.

     And if “a man’s homeland [i.e. “homeland of the man”] is his language”, as Albert Camus said, what is clear is that language is above borders, mountain ranges, rivers and seas, above political and socio-economic situations, of religious and even family ties.

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Faroese

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /toː/
• Rhymes: -oː

Noun

do n (genitive singular dos, plural do)

1. (music) do

Declension

Declension of do
n3	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	do	doið	do	doini
accusative	do	doið	do	doini
dative	doi	doinum	doum	dounum
genitive	dos	dosins	doa	doanna

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French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/

• Audio (Paris)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -o

Noun

do m (plural do)

1. (music) do, the note 'C'.

Synonyms

• ut

Further reading

• “do” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

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Galician

Etymology

From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + masculine definite article o (“the”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ʊ/

Contraction

do m (feminine da, masculine plural dos, feminine plural das)

1. of the; from the; 's

   cabalo do demo

   "demon's horse" ("dragonfly")

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Ido

Adverb

do

1. so, therefore

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Irish

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• d’ (used before vowel sounds)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/

Particle

do (triggers lenition)

1. (Munster, literary) marker of the past tense

   do mhol sé ― he praised

2. (Munster, literary) relative marker (nominative, accusative)

   an cailín do mholann sé ― the girl that he praises

Etymology 2

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *do (“to, for”).

Alternative forms

• d’ (used before vowel sounds)
• t’ (Munster, used before vowel sounds)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/
• (Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɡə/ (as if spelled go; do and go (“to, up to, until”) have largely become conflated in this dialect)

Preposition

do (plus dative, triggers lenition)

1. to, for

   do chara ― to a friend, for a friend

2. used with the possessive determiners mo, do, bhur to indicate the direct object of a verbal noun, in place of ag after a form of bí in the progressive aspect

   Tá sé do mo ghortú. ― It’s hurting me.

   Bhí sé do d’fhiafraí. ― He was inquiring about you sg.

   Bhí sibh do bhur gcloí. ― You pl were being overthrown.

Inflection

Inflection of do

Person	Normal	Emphatic
1st person sing.	dom	domsa
2d person sing.	duit	duitse
3d sing. masc.	dó	dósan
3d sing. fem.	di	dise
1st person pl.	dúinn	dúinne
2d person pl.	daoibh	daoibhse
3d person pl.	dóibh	dóibhsean

Alternative forms

• d’ (used before vowel sounds)
• t’ (Munster, used before vowel sounds)

Derived terms

Irish preposition contractions

Basic form	Contracted with							Copular forms
	an (“the sg”)	na (“the pl”)	mo (“my”)	do (“your”)	a (“his, her, their; which (present)”)	ár (“our”)	ar (“which (past)”)	(before consonant)	(present/future before vowel)	(past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”)	den	de na desna*	de mo dem*	de do ded*, det*	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
do (“to, for”)	don	do na dosna*	do mo dom*	do do dod*, dot*	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
faoi (“under, about”)	faoin	faoi na	faoi mo	faoi do	faoina	faoinár	faoinar		faoinarb	faoinarbh
i (“in”)	sa, san	sna	i mo im*	i do id*, it*	ina	inár	inar		inarb	inarbh
le (“with”)	leis an	leis na	le mo lem*	le do led*, let*	lena	lenár	lenar		lenarb	lenarbh
ó (“from, since”)	ón	ó na ósna*	ó mo óm*	ó do ód*, ót*	óna	ónár	ónar		ónarb	ónarbh
trí (“through”)	tríd an	trí na	trí mo	trí do	trína	trínár	trínar		trínarb	trínarbh
*Dialectal.

Etymology 3

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tu (“your, thy”).

Alternative forms

• d’ (used before vowel sounds)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠə/

Determiner

do (triggers lenition)

1. your sg

   Cá bhfuil do charr?

   Where is your car?

See also

Irish personal pronouns

Number	Person (and gender)	Conjunctive (emphatic)	Disjunctive (emphatic)	Possessive determiner
Singular	First	mé (mise)		mo L m' before vowel sounds
	Second	tú (tusa)1	thú (thusa)	do L d' before vowel sounds
	Third masculine	sé (seisean)	é (eisean)	a L
	Third feminine	sí (sise)	í (ise)	a H
Plural	First	muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne)		ár E
	Second	sibh (sibhse)1		bhur E
	Third	siad (siadsan)	iad (iadsan)	a E

^L Triggers lenition ^E Triggers eclipsis ^H Triggers h-prothesis

¹ Also used as the vocative

The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun: e.g. "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.

Further reading

• "do" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
• Entries containing “do” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
• Entries containing “do” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

---

Italian

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -ɔ

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• (rare) dò

Verb

do

1. first-person singular indicative present of dare

Etymology 2

Noun

do m

1. do, the musical note
2. C (the musical note or key)

Anagrams

• od

---

Japanese

Romanization

do

1. Rōmaji transcription of ど
2. Rōmaji transcription of ド

---

Ladin

Preposition

do

1. behind
2. before (time)

Antonyms

• dant

---

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”). The reduplication was lost in Latin in the present tense, but is preserved in the other Italic languages. A root aorist (from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃t) is preserved in Venetic [script needed] (doto); the other Italic perfect forms reflect a reduplicated stative, *dedai. However, the root aorist possibly served as the source of the Latin present forms.

Cognates include Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi), Sanskrit ददाति (dádāti), Old Persian 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (dā-).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /doː/

• Audio (Classical)

  (file)

Verb

dō (present infinitive dare, perfect active dedī, supine datum); first conjugation, irregular

1. I give.
   • Tertium non datur.^{law of excluded middle}

     A third [possibility] is not given: $P\lor \neg P$.

   • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus.20.12:

     Honora patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sis longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi.

     Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.

2. I offer, render.
   • Captivi ("the captives") by Plautus (English and Latin text)

     Do tibi operam, Aristophontes, si quid est quod me velis.

     I’m at your service, Aristophontes, if there’s anything you want of me.

     Literally: I offer labour to you, Aristophontes...

3. I yield, surrender, concede.

Conjugation

Conjugation of do (first conjugation, irregular short a in most forms except dās and dā)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	dō	dās	dat	damus	datis	dant
	imperfect	dabam	dabās	dabat	dabāmus	dabātis	dabant
	future	dabō	dabis	dabit	dabimus	dabitis	dabunt
	perfect	dedī	dedistī	dedit	dedimus	dedistis	dedērunt, dedēre
	pluperfect	dederam	dederās	dederat	dederāmus	dederātis	dederant
	future perfect	dederō	dederis	dederit	dederimus	dederitis	dederint
passive	present	dor	daris, dare	datur	damur	daminī	dantur
	imperfect	dabar	dabāris, dabāre	dabātur	dabāmur	dabāminī	dabantur
	future	dabor	daberis, dabere	dabitur	dabimur	dabiminī	dabuntur
	perfect	datus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	datus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	datus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	dem	dēs	det	dēmus	dētis	dent
	imperfect	darem	darēs	daret	darēmus	darētis	darent
	perfect	dederim	dederīs	dederit	dederimus	dederitis	dederint
	pluperfect	dedissem	dedissēs	dedisset	dedissēmus	dedissētis	dedissent
passive	present	der	dēris, dēre	dētur	dēmur	dēminī	dentur
	imperfect	darer	darēris, darēre	darētur	darēmur	darēminī	darentur
	perfect	datus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	datus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	dā	—	—	date	—
	future	—	datō	datō	—	datōte	dantō
passive	present	—	dare	—	—	daminī	—
	future	—	dator	dator	—	—	dantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		dare	dedisse	datūrus esse	darī	datus esse	datum īrī
participles		dāns	—	datūrus	—	datus	dandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		nominative	genitive	dative/ablative	accusative	accusative	ablative
		dare	dandī	dandō	dandum	datum	datū

Synonyms

• (give): dōnō
• (offer, render): dōnō

Derived terms

• abdō
• addō
• condō
• datārius
• datiō
• datō
• dator
• datum
• datus
• dēdō
• dīdō
• ēdō
• indō
• mandō
• perdō
• praedor
• prōdō
• reddō
• subdō
• trādō
• vēndō

 

Descendants

Descendants

• Aromanian: dau, dari
• Corsican: dà
• Dalmatian: dur
• Emilian: dèr
• Friulian: dâ
• Istriot: dà
• Interlingua: dar
• Istro-Romanian: dåu
• Ladin: dé, dèr
• Ligurian: dâ
• Lombard: da, daa
• Navarro-Aragonese: dar
  • Aragonese: dar
• Neapolitan: dà
• Italian: dare
• Old Leonese: dar
  • Asturian: dar
  • Leonese: dar
  • Mirandese: dar

• Old Portuguese: dar
  • Fala: dal
  • Galician: dar
  • Portuguese: dar

Old Occitan: dar

• Occitan: dar
• Old Catalan: dar
  • Catalan: dar

Old Spanish: dar

• Extremaduran: dal
• Ladino: dar
• Spanish: dar
  • Chavacano: dale

Piedmontese: dé

Romagnol: dê

Romanian: da, dare

Romansch: dar, der

Sabir: dar, dara

Sardinian: dàe, dai, dare

Sicilian: dari, rari

Tarantino: dare

Venetian: dar

References

• do in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• do in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• do in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[13], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to set out on a journey: in viam se dare
    
  • to give a horse the reins: frenos dare equo
    
  • to require, give, take time for deliberation: tempus (spatium) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere
    
  • to give some one a few days for reflection: paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare
    
  • to own oneself conquered, surrender: manus dare
    
  • to show oneself to some one: se in conspectum dare alicui
    
  • to take care of one's health: valetudini consulere, operam dare
    
  • to give a person poison in bread: dare venenum in pane
    
  • to give funeral games in honour of a person: ludos funebres alicui dare
    
  • this is the inscription on his tomb..: sepulcro (Dat.) or in sepulcro hoc inscriptum est
    
  • a favourable[1] opportunity presents itself: occasio datur, offertur
    
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei or ad aliquid faciendum
    
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei or ut possit...
    
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: potestatem, copiam alicui dare, facere with Gen. gerund.
    
  • to give ground for suspicion: locum dare suspicioni
    
  • to give occasion for blame; to challenge criticism: ansas dare ad reprehendum, reprehensionis
    
  • to bring a man to ruin; to destroy: aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare
    
  • to do any one a service or kindness: beneficium alicui dare, tribuere
    
  • to award the prize to..: palmam deferre, dare alicui
    
  • to entrust a matter to a person; to commission: mandatum, negotium alicui dare
    
  • to consider a thing creditable to a man: aliquid laudi alicui ducere, dare
    
  • to reproach a person with..: aliquid alicui crimini dare, vertere
    
  • to take great pains in order to..: studiose (diligenter, enixe, sedulo, maxime) dare operam, ut...
    
  • to expend great labour on a thing: egregiam operam (multum, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei
    
  • to abandon oneself to inactivity and apathy: ignaviae et socordiae se dare
    
  • to give a person his choice: optionem alicui dare (Acad. 2. 7. 19)
    
  • to offer a person the alternative of... or..: optionem alicui dare, utrum...an
    
  • to give a person advice: consilium dare alicui
    
  • to be forgotten, pass into oblivion: oblivioni esse, dari
    
  • to become a pupil, disciple of some one: operam dare or simply se dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem
    
  • to give advice, directions, about a matter: praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re
    
  • to grant, admit a thing: dare, concedere aliquid
    
  • to produce a play (of the writer): fabulam dare
    
  • to applaud, clap a person: plausum dare (alicui)
    
  • to give a gladiatorial show: munus gladiatorium edere, dare (or simply munus edere, dare)
    
  • to give a gladiatorial show: gladiatores dare
    
  • to let oneself be jovial: se dare iucunditati
    
  • to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
    
  • to charge some one with a letter for some one else: epistulam dare alicui ad aliquem
    
  • to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
    
  • Rome, January 1st: Kalendis Ianuariis Romā (dabam)
    
  • to give time for recovery: respirandi spatium dare
    
  • to pardon some one: alicui veniam dare (alicuius rei)
    
  • to guarantee the protection of the state; to promise a safe-conduct: fidem publicam dare, interponere (Sall. Iug. 32. 1)
    
  • to give one's word that..: fidem dare alicui (opp. accipere) (c. Acc. c. Inf.)
    
  • to rouse a person's suspicions: suspicionem movere, excitare, inicere, dare alicui
    
  • to deceive a person, throw dust in his eyes: verba dare alicui (Att. 15. 16)
    
  • to swear an oath to a person: iusiurandum dare alicui
    
  • to give an oracular response: oraculum dare, edere
    
  • to give an oracular response: responsum dare (vid. sect. VIII. 5, note Note to answer...), respondere
    
  • to give some one to drink: alicui bibere dare
    
  • to devote oneself to a person's society: se dare in consuetudinem alicuius
    
  • to enter into conversation with some one: se dare in sermonem cum aliquo
    
  • to give audience to some one: colloquendi copiam facere, dare
    
  • to give audience to some one: conveniendi aditum dare alicui
    
  • to give one's right hand to some one: dextram alicui porrigere, dare
    
  • to give a dowry to one's daughter: dotem filiae dare
    
  • to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one: filiam alicui in matrimonium dare
    
  • to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one: filiam alicui nuptum dare
    
  • to lend, borrow money at interest: pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo
    
  • to lend money to some one: pecuniam alicui mutuam dare
    
  • to present a person with the freedom of the city: civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire
    
  • to make laws (of a legislator): leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere (not dare)
    
  • let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state: videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat (Catil. 1. 2. 4)
    
  • to give a man audience before the senate: senatum alicui dare (Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2)
    
  • to produce as a witness: aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre
    
  • to reproach, blame a person for..: aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere (Verr. 5. 50)
    
  • to pardon a person: veniam dare alicui
    
  • to be (heavily) punished by some one: poenas (graves) dare alicui
    
  • to put some one in irons, chains: in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem
    
  • to enlist oneself: nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri
    
  • to give furlough, leave of absence to soldiers: commeatum militibus dare (opp. petere)
    
  • to pay the troops: stipendium dare, numerare, persolvere militibus
    
  • to give the watchword, countersign: tesseram dare (Liv. 28. 14)
    
  • to give the signal to engage: signum proelii dare
    
  • the cavalry covers the retreat: equitatus tutum receptum dat
    
  • to put the enemy to flight: in fugam dare, conicere hostem
    
  • to flee, run away: terga vertere or dare
    
  • to run away from the enemy: terga dare hosti
    
  • to take to flight: se dare in fugam, fugae
    
  • to dictate the terms of peace to some one: pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui (Liv. 29. 12)
    
  • to give hostages: obsides dare
    
  • to reduce a people to their former obedience: aliquem ad officium (cf. sect. X. 7, note officium...) reducere (Nep. Dat. 2. 3)
    
  • to put to sea: vela in altum dare (Liv. 25. 27)
    
  • to set the sails: vela dare
    
  • to run before the wind: vento se dare
    

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Ligurian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /du/

Contraction

do

1. Contraction of de o.; of the (masculine singular)

---

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔ/

Preposition

do (with genitive)

1. to, into
   • 1998, Erwin Hannusch, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bauzten: Domowina, →ISBN , p. 30:

     Jana chójźi hyšći do šule, wóna jo wuknica.

     Jana still goes to school; she is a schoolgirl.

   do Chóśebuza ― to Cottbus

   do jsy ― to the village, into the village

   do wognja ― into the fire

   do njebja ― to heaven

---

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/, [doː]
  • Rhymes: -oː

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *þar.

Adverb

do

1. there, in that place

Etymology 2

Verb

do

1. second-person singular imperative of doen

---

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.

Noun

do m (definite singular doen, indefinite plural doer, definite plural doene)
do n (definite singular doet, indefinite plural do or doer, definite plural doa or doene)

1. a toilet, or loo (UK)

Synonyms

• dass
• toalett

Derived terms

• dodraug
• dolukt
• dopapir
• dorull
• dosete
• klappedo
• utedo

 

Etymology 2

Noun

do m

1. do (the musical note)

References

• “do” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

---

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þó.

Adverb

do

1. anyhow, still, nevertheless

Etymology 2

Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duː/

Noun

do m (definite singular doen, indefinite plural doar, definite plural doane)
do n (definite singular doet, indefinite plural do, definite plural doa)

1. a toilet, or loo (UK)

Synonyms

• dass
• toalett

Derived terms

For other terms please refer to do (Bokmål) for the time being.

• dodraug
• dopapir

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/

Noun

do m

1. do (the musical note)

References

• “do” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

---

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *tu (“to”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/

Preposition

do (triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun.)

1. to, for

Related terms

• to-

---

Pennsylvania German

Etymology

Compare German da.

Adverb

do

1. here

   Heit iss en Feierdaag do in Amerikaa.

   Today is a holiday here in America.

---

Polish

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔ/

• audio

  (file)

Preposition

do (+ genitive)

1. to, towards, into
2. until
3. (with deadline) by

Further reading

• do in Polish dictionaries at PWN

---

Portuguese

Alternative forms

• d'o (dated)

Etymology

From Old Portuguese do, from de (“of”) + o (“the”).

Pronunciation

• (Brazil, Portugal) IPA^(key): /du/
  • Homophone: Du
• (South Brazil) IPA^(key): /do/
  • Homophone: dou
• Hyphenation: do

Contraction

do (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)

2. Contraction of de o (“pertaining or relating to the”); of the; from the (masculine singular)
   • 2005, Lya Wyler (translator), J. K. Rowling (English author), Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe (Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince), Rocco, page 184:

     Eu estava na esperança de encontrá-lo antes do jantar!

     I was hoping to meet you before dinner!

Quotations

For quotations of use of this term, see Citations:do.

See also

• da (feminine form)
• dos (plural form)
• das (feminine plural form)

---

Saterland Frisian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʊ/

Article

do pl

1. the

---

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology 1

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tu (“your, thy”).

Pronoun

do

1. your (informal singular)

   Bha iongantach do ghràdh dhomh. ― Wonderful was thy love for me.

Usage notes

• Lenites the following word.
• Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh followed by a vowel it takes the form d'.

  Bidh cuimhn’ agam ort, air d’ anam ghrinn. ― I will remember thee, thy dear soul.

Etymology 2

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tu (“to”).

Preposition

do

1. to

   Bha e a' siubhal do Shasainn an-uiridh. ― He travelled to England last year.

2. for

   Do dh'ar beatha, dhut, dhèanainn e. ― For our life, for thee, I would do it.

Usage notes

• Lenites the following word.
• Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh followed by a vowel it takes the form do dh'.

  Tha sinn a' dol do dh'Ile. ― We are going to Islay.

• If the definite article in the singular follows, it combines with do into don:

  Fàilte don dùthaich. ― Welcome to the country.

Synonyms

• a

Derived terms

• an dèidh do
• 's urrainn do
• The following prepositional pronouns:

Person	Number	Prepositional pronoun	Prepositional pronoun (emphatic)
Singular	1st	dhomh	dhomhsa
	2nd	dhut	dhutsa
	3rd m	dha	dhasan
	3rd f	dhi	dhise
Plural	1st	dhuinn	dhuinne
	2nd	dhuibh	dhuibhse
	3rd	dhaibh	dhaibhsan

---

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

Pronunciation

• audio

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /dô/

Adverb

dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏)

1. only, except

   ni(t)ko do ja ― nobody but me, only me

   ne jede ništa do komad hljeba/hleba ― he eats nothing except a piece of bread

2. around, approximately

   do dva metra ― around two meters

   do 5 kila ― around five kilograms

3. due to, because of

   to je do hrane ― that's due to the food

Preposition

dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏) (+ genitive case)

1. up to, to, as far as, by

   od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade

   od jutra do mraka ― from morning to night

   od 5 do 10 sati ― from 5 to 10 o'clock

   od vrha do dna ― from top to bottom

   do r(ij)eke ― as far as the river

   sad je pet do sedam ― now it's five minutes to seven

   do poned(j)eljka ― by Monday

   do sada ― so far, thus far, till now

   do nedavna ― until recently

   do dana današnjega ― to this very day

   sve do ― as far as up to, all the way to

   do kuda ― how far

   do tuda ― thus far, up to here

2. before (= prȉje/prȅ)

   do rata ― before the war

3. beside, next (to)

   s(j)edi do mene ― sit next to me

   jedan do drugoga ― side by side

4. (by extension, idiomatic and figurative meanings) up to one; interested in; feel like

   nije mi do toga ― I don't feel like doing that

   nije mi do sm(ij)eha ― I don't feel like laughing

   njemu je samo do seksa ― he is only interested in sex

   nije mi puno stalo do toga ― I'm not very much interested in that

   nije do mene ― it's not up to me, it's no me to lame

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *dolъ.

Alternative forms

• dȏl

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dôː/

Noun

dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑)

1. dale, small valley

Declension

Declension of do

	singular	plural
nominative	dȏ	dòlovi/dȏli
genitive	dȍla	dolova/dola
dative	dolu	dolovima/dolima
accusative	do	dolove/dole
vocative	dole	dolovi/doli
locative	dolu	dolovima/dolima
instrumental	dolom	dolovima/dolima

Derived terms

• dolìna

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dôː/

Noun

dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑) (indeclinable)

1. (music) do

References

• “do” in Hrvatski jezični portal
• “do” in Hrvatski jezični portal
• “do” in Hrvatski jezični portal

---

Slovak

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/

Preposition

do (+ genitive)

1. into, in, to, until

Further reading

• do in Slovak dictionaries at korpus.sk

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Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔ/
• Tonal orthography: do

Preposition

do

1. (with genitive) by (some time before the given time)
2. (with genitive) till

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Spanish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Italian do.

Noun

do m (plural dos)

1. do (musical note)
2. C (the musical note or key)

See also

• (notes): do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si

Etymology 2

From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + adverb o (“in where”)

Adverb

do

1. where

Pronoun

do

1. where

Derived terms

• doquier

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Taworta

Noun

do

1. fire

Further reading

Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages

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Turkish

Noun

do

1. C, the musical note

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Venetian

Verb

do

1. first-person singular present indicative of dar - I give

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Vietnamese

Etymology

Sino-Vietnamese word from 由.

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zɔ˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [jɔ˧˧]
• (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [jɔ˧˧]

Preposition

do

1. (neutral passive voice marker) by

   Hầu hết các mô hình dưỡng lão đều do nhà nước bảo trợ, […]

   Most of the aged care models are sponsored by the state, […]

2. because of; due to

Related terms

• (passive voice marker) bị (negative), được (positive)

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Volapük

Conjunction

do

1. though, although, even though

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Welsh

Etymology 1

Adverb

do

1. yes
2. indeed

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• da (colloquial)
• deuaf (literary)
• dof (literary)

Verb

do

1. (colloquial) first-person singular future of dod

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
do	ddo	no	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Etymology 3

Noun

do

1. Soft mutation of to.

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
to	do	nho	tho
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

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West Frisian

Etymology 1

From Old Frisian thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/
• (unstressed) IPA^(key): /də/

Pronoun

do

1. you; informal second-person singular pronoun

   Ik hâld fan dy.

   I love you.

Inflection

West Frisian personal pronouns

Number	Person		Nominative	Objective		Possessive
				Normal	Reflexive	Determiner	Pronoun
Singular	First		ik	my	mysels	myn	mines
	Second	Informal	do/dû1	dy	dysels	dyn	dines
		Formal	jo	jo	josels	jo	jowes
	Third	Masculine	hy	him	himsels	syn	sines
		Feminine	sy/hja1	har	harsels	har	harres
		Neuter	it	it	himsels	syn	sines
Plural	First		wy	ús	ússels	ús	uzes
	Second		jim(me)	jim(me)	jimmes	jimsels/jinsels	jim(me)
	Third		sy/hja1	har(ren)	harsels	har(ren)	harres
1. Now mostly archaic and unused

Further reading

• “do (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Etymology 2

From Old Frisian *dūve, from Proto-Germanic *dūbǭ.

Noun

do c (plural dowen, diminutive doke)

1. pigeon, dove

Further reading

• “do (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Italian do.

Noun

do c (plural dos)

1. do (musical note)

Further reading

• “do (IV)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

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Zazaki

Etymology

Related to Persian دوغ‎ (duğ) and Tajik дуғ (duġ).

Noun

do ?

1. airan