do
EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English don, from Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, do, make”).
The past tense form is from Middle English didde, dude, from Old English dyde, *diede, from Proto-Germanic *dedǭ/*dedē, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, an athematic e-reduplicated verb of the same root *dʰeh₁-.
The use of do in interrogative, negative, and, formerly, affirmative sentences, unusual in Germanic languages, is thought by some linguists to be a Brittonicism, calqued from Brythonic.[1] It is first recorded in Middle English, where it may have marked the perfective aspect, though in some cases the meaning seems to be imperfective. In Early Modern English, any meaning in such contexts was lost, making it a dummy auxiliary, and soon thereafter its use became mandatory in most questions and negation.
PronunciationEdit
- (UK) enPR: do͞o, IPA(key): /duː/
- (US, Canada) enPR: do͞o, IPA(key): /du/
- (General Australian) IPA(key): /dʉː/
Audio (US) (file) Audio (AU) (file) - (colloquial; for some speakers, when "do" is unstressed and the next word starts with /j/) IPA(key): /d͡ʒ/
- Rhymes: -uː
- Homophones: doo, doux
- Homophones: dew, due (in accents with yod-dropping)
VerbEdit
do (third-person singular simple present does, present participle doing, simple past did, past participle done)
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker.
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be.
- Do you go there often?
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in negations with the indicative and imperative moods.
- I do not go there often.
- Do not listen to him.
- 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., OCLC 222716698, page 51:
- “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker for emphasis with the indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods.
- But I do go sometimes.
- Do tell us.
- It is important that he do come see me.
- 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:
- “I don't know how you and the ‘head,’ as you call him, will get on, but I do know that if you call my duds a ‘livery’ again there'll be trouble. It's bad enough to go around togged out like a life saver on a drill day, but I can stand that 'cause I'm paid for it. […]”
- (pro-verb) A syntactic marker that refers back to an earlier verb and allows the speaker to avoid repeating the verb; in most dialects, not used with auxiliaries such as be, though it can be in AAVE.
- I play tennis; she does too.
- They don't think it be like it is, but it do.
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be.
- (transitive) To perform; to execute.
- Synonyms: accomplish, carry out, functionate
- All you ever do is surf the Internet. What will you do this afternoon?
- 2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 48:
- The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing", […] and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.
- (obsolete, transitive) To cause, make (someone) (do something).
- 1490, Caxton, William, “Prologue”, in Eneydos (in Middle English); republished as Caxton's Eneydos, London: Early English Text Society, 1890, page 2:
- And also my lorde abbot of westmynster ded do shewe to me late, certayn euydences wryton in olde englysshe […]
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Qveene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for VVilliam Ponsonbie, OCLC 960102938, book II, canto VI, stanza 7, page 258:
- Sometimes to do him laugh, ſhe would aſſay / To laugh at ſhaking off the leaues light, / Or to behold the water worke […]
- 1591, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale.”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: Imprinted for VVilliam Ponsonbie, […], OCLC 15537294:
- Emongſt the reſt a wicked maladie / Raign’d emongſt men, that manie did to die, […]
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, 2 Corinthians 8:1, column 1:
- MOreouer, brethren, wee do you to wit [i.e. we make you to know] of the grace of God beſtowed on the Churches of Macedonia, […]
- (intransitive, transitive) To suffice.
- it’s not the best broom, but it will have to do; this will do me, thanks.
- 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., OCLC 222716698, page 51:
- “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.
- 1922, Williams, Margery, The Velveteen Rabbit:
- "Here," she said, "take your old Bunny! He'll do to sleep with you!" And she dragged the Rabbit out by one ear, and put him into the Boy's arms.
- (intransitive) To be reasonable or acceptable.
- It simply will not do to have dozens of children running around such a quiet event.
- (ditransitive) To have (as an effect).
- The fresh air did him some good.
- (intransitive) To fare, perform (well or poorly).
- Our relationship isn't doing very well; how do you do?
- 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:
- Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.
- (transitive, chiefly in questions) To have as one's job.
- What does Bob do? — He's a plumber.
- To perform the tasks or actions associated with (something).
- "Don't forget to do your report" means something quite different depending on whether you're a student or a programmer.
- To cook.
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:cook
- I'll just do some eggs.
- 1889, Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men In a Boat:
- It seemed, from his account, that he was very good at doing scrambled eggs.
- 1944, News from the Suburbs[3]:
- We went down below, and the galley-slave did some ham and eggs, and the first lieutenant, who was aged 19, told me about Sicily, and time went like a flash.
- 2005, Alan Tansley, The Grease Monkey, page 99:
- Next morning, they woke about ten o'clock, Kev, went for a shower while Alice, did some toast, put the kettle on, and when he came out, she went in.
- (transitive) To travel in, to tour, to make a circuit of.
- 1869, Louisa M[ay] Alcott, “Our Foreign Correspondent”, in Little Women: Or, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, part second, Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, OCLC 30743985, page 115:
- We 'did' London to our hearts' content,—thanks to Fred and Frank,—and were sorry to go away; […]
- 1892, James Batchelder, Multum in Parvo: Notes from the Life and Travels of James Batchelder[4], page 97:
- After doing Paris and its suburbs, I started for London […]
- 1968, July 22, “Ralph Schoenstein”, in Nice Place to Visit[5], page 28:
- No tourist can get credit for seeing America first without doing New York, the Wonderful Town, the Baghdad-on-Hudson, the dream in the eye of the Kansas hooker […]
- Let’s do New York also.
- (transitive) To treat in a certain way.
- 1894, Harper's New Monthly Magazine[6], volume 87, page 59, column 1:
- They did me well, I assure you—uncommon well: Bollinger of '84; green chartreuse fit for a prince; […]
- 1928, Sayers, Dorothy L[eigh], “The Abominable History of the Man with Copper Fingers”, in Lord Peter Views the Body:
- Upon my word, although he [my host] certainly did me uncommonly well, I began to feel I'd be more at ease among the bushmen.
- (transitive) To work for or on, by way of caring for, looking after, preparing, cleaning, keeping in order, etc.
- 2018, Kate Atkinson, Transcription, →ISBN, page 291:
- The woman-who-did did not do very well, Juliet thought.
- (intransitive, obsolete) To act or behave in a certain manner; to conduct oneself.
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, 2 Kings 17:34, column 2:
- Vnto this day they doe after the former manners: they feare not the Lord, neither doe they after their Statutes, or after their Ordinances, or after the Law and Commaundement which the Lord commaunded the children of Iacob, whom hee named Iſrael, […]
- (transitive) To spend (time) in jail. (See also do time)
- Synonym: serve
- I did five years for armed robbery.
- (transitive) To impersonate or depict.
- (with 'a' and the name of a person, place, event, etc.) To copy or emulate the actions or behaviour that is associated with the person or thing mentioned.
- He did a Henry VIII and got married six times.
- He was planning to do a 9/11.
- (transitive, slang) To kill.
- Synonyms: do in, murder, off, rub out; see also Thesaurus:kill
- 1984, William Gibson, Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 22:
- Case pulled the .22 out of his pocket and levelled it at Wage's crotch. “I hear you wanna do me.”
- 2003 August 17, George Pelecanos, “Bad Dreams”, in The Wire, season 2, episode 11, HBO, spoken by Omar Little (Michael K. Williams), 43:27 from the start:
- About a year ago, a boy name Brandon got got here in Baltimore. Stuck and burned before he passed. […] Wasn't no need for y'all to do him the way y'all did.
- 2007, E.J. Churchill, The Lazarus Code, page 153:
- The order came and I did him right there. The bullet went right where it was supposed to go.
- (transitive, slang) To deal with for good and all; to finish up; to undo; to ruin; to do for.
- 1870, Charles Reade, Put Yourself in His Place
- Sometimes they lie in wait in these dark streets, and fracture his skull, […] or break his arm, or cut the sinew of his wrist; and that they call doing him.
- 1870, Charles Reade, Put Yourself in His Place
- (informal) To punish for a misdemeanor.
- He got done for speeding.
- Teacher'll do you for that!
- (transitive, slang) To have sex with. (See also do it)
- Synonyms: go to bed with, sleep with; see also Thesaurus:copulate with
- c. 1588–1593, [William Shakespeare], The Most Lamentable Romaine Tragedie of Titus Andronicus: […] (First Quarto), London: […] Iohn Danter, and are to be sold by Edward White & Thomas Millington, […], published 1594, OCLC 222241046, [Act IV, scene ii]:
- Deme. Villaine what haſt thou done?
A. That which thou canſt not vndoe.
Chiron. Thou haſt vndone our mother.
Aron. Villaine I haue done thy mother.
- 1996, James Russell Kincaid, My Secret Life, page 81:
- […] one day I did her on the kitchen table, and several times on the dining-room table.
- 2008, On the Line, Donna Hill[9], page 84:
- The uninhibited woman within wanted to do him right there on the countertop, but I remained composed.
- (transitive) To cheat or swindle.
- Synonyms: defraud, diddle, mug off, rip off, scam; see also Thesaurus:deceive
- That guy just did me out of two hundred bucks!
- 1852, Thomas De Quincey, Sir William Hamilton
- He was not to be done, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy-five per cent.
- (transitive) To convert into a certain form; especially, to translate.
- the novel has just been done into English; I'm going to do this play into a movie
- (transitive, intransitive) To finish.
- (Britain, dated, intransitive) To work as a domestic servant (with for).
- Synonyms: attend, serve, wait on; see also Thesaurus:serve
- 1915, Frank Thomas Bullen, Recollections:
- I've left my key in my office in Manchester, my family are at Bournemouth, and the old woman who does for me goes home at nine o'clock.
- (archaic, dialectal, transitive, auxiliary) Used to form the present progressive of verbs.
- 1844, Barnes, William, “Evenén in the Village”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:
- ...An' the dogs do bark, an' the rooks be a-vled to the elems high and dark, an' the water do roar at mill.
- (stock exchange) To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note.
- (informal, transitive, ditransitive) To make or provide.
- Synonyms: furnish, give, supply; see also Thesaurus:give
- Do they do haircuts there?
- Could you do me a burger with mayonnaise instead of ketchup?
- (informal, transitive) To injure (one's own body part).
- 2010 April 24, “Given stretchered off with suspected broken shoulder”, in The Irish Times[10], retrieved 2015-07-21:
- "Defender Kolo Toure admitted Given will be a loss, but gave his backing to Nielsen. 'I think he's done his shoulder,' said the Ivorian."
- 2014 April 14, Matt Cleary, “What do Australia's cricketers do on holiday?”, in ESPNcricinfo[11], retrieved 2015-07-21:
- "Watto will spend the entire winter stretching and doing Pilates, and do a hamstring after bending down to pick up his petrol cap after dropping it filling his car at Caltex Cronulla."
- 2014 August 13, Harry Thring, “I knew straight away I'd done my ACL: Otten”, in AFL.com.au[12], retrieved 2015-07-21:
- "'I knew straight away I'd done my ACL, I heard the sound - it was very loud and a few of the boys said they heard it as well,' Otten said."
- (transitive) To take drugs.
- I do cocaine.
- (transitive, in the form be doing [somewhere]) To exist with a purpose or for a reason.
- What's that car doing in our swimming pool?
Usage notesEdit
- In older forms of English, when the pronoun thou was in active use, and verbs used -est for distinct second-person singular indicative forms, the verb do had two such forms: dost, in auxiliary uses, and doest, in other uses. The past tense of both forms is didst.
- Similarly, when the ending -eth was in active use for third-person singular present indicative forms, the form doth was used as an auxiliary, and the form doeth was used elsewhere.
ConjugationEdit
infinitive | do | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | doing | ||||||||||
past participle | done | ||||||||||
simple | progressive | perfect | perfect progressive | ||||||||
present | I do | we do | I am doing | we are doing | I have done | we have done | I have been doing | we have been doing | |||
you do | you do | you are doing | you are doing | you have done | you have done | you have been doing | you have been doing | ||||
he does | they do | he is doing | they are doing | he has done | they have done | he has been doing | they have been doing | ||||
past | I did | we did | I was doing | we were doing | I had done | we had done | I had been doing | we had been doing | |||
you did | you did | you were doing | you were doing | you had done | you had done | you had been doing | you had been doing | ||||
he did | they did | he was doing | they were doing | he had done | they had done | he had been doing | they had been doing | ||||
future | I will do | we will do | I will be doing | we will be doing | I will have done | we will have done | I will have been doing | we will have been doing | |||
you will do | you will do | you will be doing | you will be doing | you will have done | you will have done | you will have been doing | you will have been doing | ||||
he will do | they will do | he will be doing | they will be doing | he will have done | they will have done | he will have been doing | they will have been doing | ||||
conditional | I would do | we would do | I would be doing | we would be doing | I would have done | we would have done | I would have been doing | we would have been doing | |||
you would do | you would do | you would be doing | you would be doing | you would have done | you would have done | you would have been doing | you would have been doing | ||||
he would do | they would do | he would be doing | they would be doing | he would have done | they would have done | he would have been doing | they would have been doing | ||||
imperative | do |
AntonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
See alsoEdit
NounEdit
- (colloquial) A party, celebration, social function.
- Synonyms: get-together; see also Thesaurus:party
- We’re having a bit of a do on Saturday to celebrate my birthday.
- 1980, Jona Lewie; Keef Trouble (lyrics and music), “You'll Always Find Me in the Kitchen at Parties”, performed by Jona Lewie:
- She was into French cuisine but I ain't no Cordon Bleu / This was at some do in Palmers Green, I had no luck with her
- 2013 September 13, Russell Brand, “Russell Brand and the GQ awards”, in The Guardian[13]:
- […] ; this aside, though, neon forever the moniker of trash, this is a posh do, in an opera house full of folk in tuxes.
- (informal) A hairdo.
- Nice do!
- 2012, Hannah Richell, The Secrets of the Tides, →ISBN, page 464:
- I like the new do.
- Something that can or should be done (usually in the phrase dos and don'ts).
- (obsolete) A deed; an act.
- (Can we find and add a quotation of Sir Walter Scott to this entry?)
- (archaic) Ado; bustle; stir; to-do; A period of confusion or argument.
- Synonym: to-do
- 1689, John Selden, Table Talk
- A great deal of do, and a great deal of trouble.
- (obsolete, Britain, slang) A cheat; a swindler.
- (obsolete, Britain, slang) An act of swindling; a fraud or deception.
Usage notesEdit
- For the plural of the noun, the spelling dos would be correct; do's is often used for the sake of legibility, but is sometimes considered incorrect. For the party, the term usually implies a social function of modest size and formality.
TranslationsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni, who suggested replacing the original ut with an open syllable for ease of singing. First found in Italian.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (UK) enPR: dō, IPA(key): /dəʊ/
- (US) enPR: dō, IPA(key): /doʊ/
Audio (US) (file) - Rhymes: -əʊ
- Homophones: doe, dough, d'oh
NounEdit
do (plural dos)
- (music) A syllable used in solfège to represent the first and eighth tonic of a major scale.
- Synonym: ut (archaic)
TranslationsEdit
See alsoEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Short for ditto.
Alternative formsEdit
AdverbEdit
do (not comparable)
Etymology 4Edit
Shortening of dozen.
NumeralEdit
do
- The cardinal number occurring after el and before do one in a duodecimal system. Written 10, decimal value 12.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- do at OneLook Dictionary Search
AnagramsEdit
AlbanianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
VerbEdit
do
Atong (India)Edit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
NumeralEdit
do (Bengali script দো)
SynonymsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary. Stated in Appendix 3.
BambaraEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
do
ReferencesEdit
- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
BaraiEdit
NounEdit
do
ReferencesEdit
- The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986, →ISBN)
CatalanEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
NounEdit
do m (plural dons)
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
do m (plural dos)
Central FranconianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old High German dār (“there”).
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
do
Etymology 2Edit
From Old High German duo (“then”), variant of do, dō. Compare German da, Dutch toen.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
- IPA(key): /doː/ (traditional)
- IPA(key): /dɔː/ (now sometimes by conflation with etymology 1 under standard German influence)
AdverbEdit
do
- (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian) then; back then (at a certain time in the past)
Etymology 3Edit
From Old High German du.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
do
CzechEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *do.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
do + genitive
- into, in (to the inside of)
- Vešel do místnosti. ― He walked into the room.
- Dostala se jí voda do bot. ― Water got in her boots.
- to, in (in the direction of, and arriving at; indicating destination)
- Jdeme do obchodu. ― We are walking to the shop.
- Přiletěli jsme do New Yorku. ― We arrived in New York.
- until (up to the time of)
- Zůstal tam až do neděle. ― He stayed there until Sunday.
- by (at some time before the given time)
- Ať jsi zpátky do desíti! ― Be back by ten o'clock!
Further readingEdit
- do in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- do in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
do m or f (plural do's)
SynonymsEdit
- ut (archaic)
See alsoEdit
EsperantoEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
NounEdit
do (accusative singular do-on, plural do-oj, accusative plural do-ojn)
- The name of the Latin-script letter D.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo
Etymology 2Edit
AdverbEdit
do
FalaEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Portuguese do, from de + o.
PrepositionEdit
do m (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)
- contraction of de o (“of the”).
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
- I si “a patria do homi é sua lengua”, cumu idía Albert Camus, o que está claru é que a lengua está mui por encima de fronteiras, serras, rius i maris, de situaciós pulíticas i sociu-económicas, de lazus religiosus e inclusu familiaris.
- And if “a man’s homeland [i.e. “homeland of the man”] is his language”, as Albert Camus said, what is clear is that language is above borders, mountain ranges, rivers and seas, above political and socio-economic situations, of religious and even family ties.
FaroeseEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
do n (genitive singular dos, plural do)
DeclensionEdit
Declension of do | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n3 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | do | doið | do | doini |
accusative | do | doið | do | doini |
dative | doi | doinum | doum | dounum |
genitive | dos | dosins | doa | doanna |
FrenchEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
do m (plural do)
Further readingEdit
- “do” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
GalicianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + masculine definite article o (“the”)
PronunciationEdit
ContractionEdit
do m (feminine da, masculine plural dos, feminine plural das)
Haitian CreoleEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
do
- back (of the body)
HunsrikEdit
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
do
Further readingEdit
IdoEdit
AdverbEdit
do
IrishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Irish ro-, from Old Irish ro-, from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-.
Alternative formsEdit
- d’ (used before vowels and lenited fh-)
PronunciationEdit
ParticleEdit
do (triggers lenition)
- (Munster, literary) prefixed before the preterite, imperfect and conditional forms of a verb
- do mhol sé ― he praised
Etymology 2Edit
Possibly related to the use of go in place a as the direct relative particle, influenced by Etymology 1.
PronunciationEdit
ParticleEdit
do (triggers lenition)
- (Munster, literary) relative marker (nominative, accusative)
- an cailín do mholann sé ― the girl that he praises
Etymology 3Edit
From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *do (“to, for”).
Alternative formsEdit
- d’ (used before vowel sounds)
PronunciationEdit
- IPA(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/
- (Connacht) IPA(key): /ɡə/ (as if spelled go; do and go (“to, up to, until”) have largely become conflated in this dialect)
PrepositionEdit
do (plus dative, triggers lenition)
- to, for
- do chara ― to a friend, for a friend
- used with the possessive determiners mo, do, bhur to indicate the direct object of a verbal noun, in place of ag after a form of bí in the progressive aspect
- Tá sé do mo ghortú. ― It’s hurting me.
- Bhí sé do d’fhiafraí. ― He was inquiring about you sg.
- Bhí sibh do bhur gcloí. ― You pl were being overthrown.
InflectionEdit
Derived termsEdit
Basic form | Contracted with | Copular forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) | |
de (“from”) | den | de na desna* |
de mo dem* |
de do ded*, det* |
dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* |
do mo dom* |
do do dod*, dot* |
dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoi do | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
fara (“along with, beside”) | fairis an | fairis na | fara mo | fara do | farana | faranár | faranar | faranarb | faranarbh | |
i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* |
i do id*, it* |
ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* |
le do led*, let* |
lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* |
ó mo óm* |
ó do ód*, ót* |
óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trí do | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*Dialectal. |
Etymology 4Edit
From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tu (“your, thy”).
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
DeterminerEdit
do (triggers lenition)
- your (singular)
- Cá bhfuil do charr? ― Where is your car?
See alsoEdit
Number | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) |
Disjunctive (emphatic) |
Possessive determiner |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | mé (mise) |
mo L m' before vowel sounds | |
Second | tú (tusa)1 |
thú (thusa) |
do L d' before vowel sounds | |
Third masculine | sé (seisean) |
é (eisean) |
a L | |
Third feminine | sí (sise) |
í (ise) |
a H | |
Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) |
ár E | |
Second | sibh (sibhse)1 |
bhur E | ||
Third | siad (siadsan) |
iad (iadsan) |
a E |
Further readingEdit
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- "do" in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- Entries containing “do” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Entries containing “do” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
ItalianEdit
PronunciationEdit
- Rhymes: -ɔ
Etymology 1Edit
Alternative formsEdit
- (rare) dò
VerbEdit
do
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
do m
AnagramsEdit
JapaneseEdit
RomanizationEdit
do
LadinEdit
PrepositionEdit
do
LatinEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”). The reduplication was lost in Latin in the present tense, but is preserved in the other Italic languages. A root aorist (from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃t) is preserved in Venetic 𐌆𐌏𐌕𐌏 (doto); the other Italic perfect forms reflect a reduplicated stative, *dedai. However, the root aorist possibly served as the source of the Latin present forms.[1]
Cognates include Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi), Sanskrit ददाति (dádāti), Old Persian 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (dā-).
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
dō (present infinitive dare, perfect active dedī, supine datum); first conjugation, irregular
- I give
- Synonym: dōnō
- Tertium non datur.law of excluded middle
- A third [possibility] is not given: .
- I offer, render, present with, bestow
- Synonym: dōnō
- c. 200 BC, Plautus Captivi ("the captives") (English and Latin text)
- Do tibi operam, Aristophontes, si quid est quod me velis.
- I’m at your service, Aristophontes, if there’s anything you want of me. ("I offer labour to you, Aristophontes…)
- I put
- I yield, surrender, concede
- I adduce (e.g., a witness)
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of dō (first conjugation, irregular short a in most forms except dās and dā) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | dō | dās | dat | damus | datis | dant |
imperfect | dabam | dabās | dabat | dabāmus | dabātis | dabant | |
future | dabō | dabis | dabit | dabimus | dabitis | dabunt | |
perfect | dedī | dedistī | dedit | dedimus | dedistis | dedērunt, dedēre | |
pluperfect | dederam | dederās | dederat | dederāmus | dederātis | dederant | |
future perfect | dederō | dederis | dederit | dederimus | dederitis | dederint | |
passive | present | dor | daris, dare | datur | damur | daminī | dantur |
imperfect | dabar | dabāris, dabāre | dabātur | dabāmur | dabāminī | dabantur | |
future | dabor | daberis, dabere | dabitur | dabimur | dabiminī | dabuntur | |
perfect | datus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | datus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
future perfect | datus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | dem | dēs | det | dēmus | dētis | dent |
imperfect | darem | darēs | daret | darēmus | darētis | darent | |
perfect | dederim | dederīs | dederit | dederīmus | dederītis | dederint | |
pluperfect | dedissem | dedissēs | dedisset | dedissēmus | dedissētis | dedissent | |
passive | present | der | dēris, dēre | dētur | dēmur | dēminī | dentur |
imperfect | darer | darēris, darēre | darētur | darēmur | darēminī | darentur | |
perfect | datus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | datus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
imperative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | — | dā | — | — | date | — |
future | — | datō | datō | — | datōte | dantō | |
passive | present | — | dare | — | — | daminī | — |
future | — | dator | dator | — | — | dantor | |
non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
infinitives | dare | dedisse | datūrum esse | darī | datum esse | datum īrī | |
participles | dāns | — | datūrus | — | datus | dandus | |
verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
dandī | dandō | dandum | dandō | datum | datū |
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Aromanian: dau, dari
- Corsican: dà
- Dalmatian: dur
- Emilian: dèr
- Friulian: dâ
- Istriot: dà
- Interlingua: dar
- Istro-Romanian: dåu
- Ladin: dé, dèr
- Ligurian: dâ
- Lombard: da, daa
- Navarro-Aragonese: dar
- Aragonese: dar
- Neapolitan: dà
- Italian: dare
- Old Leonese: dar
- Old Portuguese: dar
- Old Occitan: dar
- Old Spanish: dar
- Piedmontese: dé
- Romagnol: dê
- Romanian: da, dare
- Romansch: dar, der
- Sabir: dar, dara
- Sardinian: dàe, dai, dare
- Sicilian: dari, rari
- Tarantino: dare
- Venetian: dar
Further readingEdit
- do in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- do in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- do in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
ReferencesEdit
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
LigurianEdit
PronunciationEdit
ContractionEdit
do
Lower SorbianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *do.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
do (with genitive)
- to, into
- 1998, Erwin Hannusch, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bauzten: Domowina, →ISBN, p. 30:
- Jana chójźi hyšći do šule, wóna jo wuknica.
- Jana still goes to school; she is a schoolgirl.
- do Chóśebuza ― to Cottbus
- do jsy ― to the village, into the village
- do wognja ― into the fire
- do njebja ― to heaven
- 1998, Erwin Hannusch, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bauzten: Domowina, →ISBN, p. 30:
Further readingEdit
- do in Ernst Muka/Mucke (St. Petersburg and Prague 1911–28): Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow / Wörterbuch der nieder-wendischen Sprache und ihrer Dialekte. Reprinted 2008, Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag.
- do in Manfred Starosta (1999): Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag.
LuxembourgishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Germanic *þar.
AdverbEdit
do
- there, in that place
Etymology 2Edit
VerbEdit
do
Norwegian BokmålEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.
NounEdit
do m or n (definite singular doen or doet, indefinite plural doer or do, definite plural doene or doa)
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
do m
- do (the musical note)
ReferencesEdit
- “do” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian NynorskEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
do m or n (definite singular doen or doet, indefinite plural doar or do, definite plural doane or doa)
Etymology 2Edit
AdverbEdit
do
Derived termsEdit
For other terms please refer to do (Bokmål) for the time being.
Etymology 3Edit
From the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni, who suggested replacing the original ut with an open syllable for ease of singing. First found in Italian.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
do m (definite singular do-en, indefinite plural do-ar, definite plural do-ane)
- (music) do, a syllable used in solfège to represent the second note of a major scale.
Coordinate termsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
VerbEdit
do
ReferencesEdit
- “do” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
AnagramsEdit
Old IrishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Celtic *do (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Unrelated to the prefix to-.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
do (with dative; triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun.)
InflectionEdit
Person | Normal | Emphatic |
---|---|---|
1st person sing. | dom, dam | domsa, damsa |
2d person sing. | duit, dait, d(e)it | duitsiu, de(i)tsiu, duitso, détso |
3d sing. masc./neut., dative | dó(u), dáu | dos(s)om |
3d sing. masc./neut., accusative | ||
3d sing. fem., dative | dí | dis(s)i |
3d sing. fem., accusative | ||
1st person pl. | dún(n) | dúnn(a)i |
2d person pl. | dúib | dúibsi |
3d person pl., dative | do(a)ib, duaib, dóib | doïbsom, doaibsem, dóibsem |
3d person pl., accusative |
Combinations with a definite article:
Combinations with a possessive determiner:
Combinations with a relative pronoun:
- dia· (“to/for whom/which”)
Alternative formsEdit
PronounEdit
do
- Alternative spelling of dó
AdverbEdit
do
- Alternative spelling of dó
Further readingEdit
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “1 do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Rudolf Thurneysen (1940, reprinted 2003) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 274, 506
Pennsylvania GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
AdverbEdit
do
- here
- Heit iss en Feierdaag do in Amerikaa.
- Today is a holiday here in America.
PolishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do, whence English to.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
do (+ genitive)
Further readingEdit
- do in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- do in Polish dictionaries at PWN
PortugueseEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- d'o (dated)
EtymologyEdit
From Old Portuguese do, from de (“of”) + o (“the”). Akin to Spanish del and French du.
PronunciationEdit
- (Portugal, Brazil) IPA(key): /du/
- (South Brazil) IPA(key): /do/
- (Azores, Madeira) IPA(key): /dø/
- Hyphenation: do
ContractionEdit
do (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)
- Contraction of de o (“pertaining or relating to the”); of the; from the (masculine singular)
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 184:
- Eu estava na esperança de encontrá-lo antes do jantar!
- I was hoping to meet you before dinner!
QuotationsEdit
For quotations using this term, see Citations:do.
See alsoEdit
Saterland FrisianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
See the etymology of the main entry.
ArticleEdit
do
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Frisian thā, from Proto-Germanic *þan.
AdverbEdit
do
ReferencesEdit
Scottish GaelicEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tu (“your, thy”).
PronounEdit
do
- your (informal singular)
- Bha iongantach do ghràdh dhomh. ― Wonderful was thy love for me.
Usage notesEdit
- Lenites the following word.
- Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh followed by a vowel it takes the form d'.
- Bidh cuimhn’ agam ort, air d’ anam ghrinn. ― I will remember thee, thy dear soul.
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tu (“to”).
PrepositionEdit
do
- to
- Bha e a' siubhal do Shasainn an-uiridh. ― He travelled to England last year.
- for
- Do dh'ar beatha, dhut, dhèanainn e. ― For our life, for thee, I would do it.
Usage notesEdit
- Lenites the following word.
- Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh followed by a vowel it takes the form do dh'.
- Tha sinn a' dol do dh'Ìle. ― We are going to Islay.
- If the definite article in the singular follows, it combines with do into don:
- Fàilte don dùthaich. ― Welcome to the country.
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
- an dèidh do
- 's urrainn do
- The following prepositional pronouns:
Person | Number | Prepositional pronoun | Prepositional pronoun (emphatic) |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | 1st | dhomh | dhomhsa |
2nd | dhut | dhutsa | |
3rd m | dha | dhasan | |
3rd f | dhi | dhise | |
Plural | 1st | dhuinn | dhuinne |
2nd | dhuibh | dhuibhse | |
3rd | dhaibh | dhaibhsan |
Serbo-CroatianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏)
- only, except
- ni(t)ko do ja ― nobody but me, only me
- ne jede ništa do komad hljeba/hleba ― he eats nothing except a piece of bread
- around, approximately
- do dva metra ― around two meters
- do 5 kila ― around five kilograms
- due to, because of
- to je do hrane ― that's due to the food
PrepositionEdit
dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏) (+ genitive case)
- up to, to, until, as far as, by
- od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade
- od jutra do mraka / od 5 do 10 sati ― from morning to night / from 5 to 10 o'clock
- od vrha do dna ― from top to bottom
- do r(ij)eke ― as far as the river
- sad je pet do sedam ― now it's five minutes to seven
- do poned(j)eljka ― by Monday
- do sada ― so far, thus far, till now
- do nedavna ― until recently
- do dana današnjega ― to this very day
- sve do ― as far as up to, all the way to
- do kuda ― how far
- do tuda ― thus far, up to here
- before (= prȉje/prȅ)
- do rata ― before the war
- beside, next (to)
- s(j)edi do mene ― sit next to me
- jedan do drugoga ― side by side
- (by extension, idiomatic and figurative meanings) up to one; interested in; feel like
- nije mi do toga ― I don't feel like doing that
- nije mi do sm(ij)eha ― I don't feel like laughing
- njemu je samo do seksa ― he is only interested in sex
- nije mi puno stalo do toga ― I'm not very much interested in that
- nije do mene ― it's not up to me, it's no me to lame
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Slavic *dolъ.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑)
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑) (indeclinable)
ReferencesEdit
SlovakEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *do.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
do (+ genitive)
Further readingEdit
- do in Slovak dictionaries at korpus.sk
SloveneEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *do.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
do
Further readingEdit
- “do”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
SpanishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
NounEdit
do m (plural dos)
See alsoEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + adverb o (“in where”).
AdverbEdit
do
PronounEdit
do
Derived termsEdit
TawortaEdit
NounEdit
do
Further readingEdit
Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages
TurkishEdit
NounEdit
do
- C (musical note)
VenetianEdit
VerbEdit
do
- first-person singular present indicative of dar (“I give”)
VietnameseEdit
EtymologyEdit
Sino-Vietnamese word from 由.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
do
- (neutral passive voice marker) by
- Hầu hết các mô hình dưỡng lão đều do nhà nước bảo trợ, […]
- Most of the aged care models are sponsored by the state, […]
- because of; due to
Related termsEdit
VolapükEdit
ConjunctionEdit
do
WelshEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
AdverbEdit
do
Usage notesEdit
- Used to express an affirmative answer to verbs in the past tense.
Etymology 2Edit
Alternative formsEdit
VerbEdit
do
MutationEdit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
do | ddo | no | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Etymology 3Edit
NounEdit
do
- Soft mutation of to.
MutationEdit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
to | do | nho | tho |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
West FrisianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Frisian thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
do
InflectionEdit
Number | Person | Nominative | Objective | Possessive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Reflexive | Determiner | Pronoun | ||||
Singular | First | ik | my | mysels | myn | mines | |
Second | Informal | do/dû1 | dy | dysels | dyn | dines | |
Formal | jo | jo | josels | jo | jowes | ||
Third | Masculine | hy | him | himsels | syn | sines | |
Feminine | sy/hja1 | har | harsels | har | harres | ||
Neuter | it | it | himsels | syn | sines | ||
Plural | First | wy | ús | ússels | ús | uzes | |
Second | jim(me) | jim(me) | jimsels/jinsels | jim(me) | jimmes | ||
Third | sy/hja1 | har(ren) | harsels | har(ren) | harres | ||
1. Now mostly archaic and unused |
Alternative formsEdit
- dû (Wood)
Further readingEdit
- “do (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Frisian *dūve, from Proto-Germanic *dūbǭ.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
do c (plural dowen, diminutive doke)
Further readingEdit
- “do (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Etymology 3Edit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
do c (plural do's)
- do (musical note)
Further readingEdit
- “do (IV)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
ZazakiEdit
EtymologyEdit
Related to Persian دوغ (duğ) and Tajik дуғ (duġ).
NounEdit
do ?