愐

愐 U+6110, 愐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6110 ← 意 [U+610F] CJK Unified Ideographs 愑 → [U+6111]

Translingual

Han character

愐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 心一田中 (PMWL), four-corner 9106₀, composition ⿰忄面)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 394, character 26
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10925
• Dae Jaweon: page 731, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2327, character 3
• Unihan data for U+6110

Chinese

simp. and trad.		愐

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (面) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蝒	*men
緬	*menʔ
湎	*menʔ
愐	*menʔ
偭	*menʔ, *mens
勔	*menʔ
面	*mens
麵	*meːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *menʔ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 面 (OC *mens).

Etymology

“diligent; hardworking”

Cognate with 勉 (OC *mronʔ) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): miǎn (mian³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): min⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): mén

  (Meixian, Guangdong): mên³

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bián

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: miǎn
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: miǎn
    • Wade–Giles: mien³
    • Yale: myǎn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mean
    • Palladius: мянь (mjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: min⁵
    • Yale: míhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: min⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: min⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /miːn¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mén
    • Hakka Romanization System: men`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: men³
    • Sinological IPA: /men³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: mên³
    • Sinological IPA: /mɛn³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián
    • Tâi-lô: bián
    • Phofsit Daibuun: biern
    • IPA (Xiamen): /biɛn⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɛn⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /biɛn⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: mjienX

Rime
Character	愐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	彌兖切
Baxter	mjienX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/miᴇnX/
Pan Wuyun	/miɛnX/
Shao Rongfen	/mjænX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mianX/
Li Rong	/miɛnX/
Wang Li	/mĭɛnX/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯ɛnX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	miǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	min5

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*menʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愐
Reading #	1/1
No.	9095
Phonetic component	面
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	緬
Old Chinese	/*menʔ/

Definitions

愐

1. (literary) diligent; hardworking
2. (literary or Hakka) to think; to consider

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 想 (“to think”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		想
Mandarin	Beijing	想
	Taiwan	想
	Jinan	想
	Xi'an	想
	Wuhan	想
	Chengdu	想
	Yangzhou	想
	Hefei	想
	Malaysia	想
	Singapore	想
Cantonese	Guangzhou	諗
	Hong Kong	諗
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	諗
	Taishan	諗
	Kaiping (Chikan)	諗
	Dongguan	諗
	Yangjiang	諗
	Nanning	諗
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	諗
	Penang (Guangfu)	諗
	Singapore (Guangfu)	諗
Gan	Nanchang	想
Hakka	Meixian	想, 愐
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	想
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	想, 愐
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	想, 愐
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	想, 愐
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	想, 愐
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	想, 愐
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	想
Jin	Taiyuan	想
Northern Min	Jian'ou	想
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	想
Southern Min	Xiamen	想
	Quanzhou	想
	Jinjiang	想
	Zhangzhou	想
	Taipei	想
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	想
	Kaohsiung	想
	Yilan	想
	Changhua (Lukang)	想
	Taichung	想
	Tainan	想
	Hsinchu	想
	Kinmen	想
	Penghu (Magong)	想
	Penang (Hokkien)	想
	Singapore (Hokkien)	想
	Manila (Hokkien)	想
	Chaozhou	想
	Shantou	想
	Singapore (Teochew)	想
	Wenchang	想
Wu	Shanghai	想
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	想
	Suzhou	想
	Wuxi	想
	Hangzhou	想
	Shaoxing	惀
	Ningbo	忖, 惀
	Wenzhou	想
	Jinhua	想, 忖
Xiang	Changsha	想
	Shuangfeng	想

Compounds

• 愐心事

 

Descendants

• → Bai: *mi² (“to think”)
  • Central Bai: mix

Japanese

Kanji

愐

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: めん (men)
• Kan-on: べん (ben)
• Kun: つとめる (tsutomeru, 愐める)