心
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See also: 必
Contents
TranslingualEdit
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Alternative formsEdit
Han characterEdit
心 (radical 61 心+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 心 (P), four-corner 33000)
- Kangxi radical #61, ⼼ (“heart”).
Usage notesEdit
When written as a bottom radical, it is similar to 灬 but is distinguished by the second stroke from the left being longer, passing under the third stroke – this is an important composition detail.
Derived charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 375, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10295
- Dae Jaweon: page 700, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2267, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5FC3
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
心 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 心
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bamboo and silk script | Large seal script | Small seal script |
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (心) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 沁 | *sʰlɯms |
| 吣 | *sʰlɯms |
| 心 | *slɯm |
| 杺 | *slɯm |
| 伈 | *slɯmʔ |
Pictogram (象形) – a heart, now highly stylized.
PronunciationEdit
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou, Jyutping): sam1
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhim1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sîm
- Min Dong (BUC): sĭng
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): xin (T1)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ
- Wade-Giles: hsin1
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shin
- IPA (key): /ɕin⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
-
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xin1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xin
- IPA (key): /ɕin⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: sam1
- Yale: sām
- Cantonese Pinyin: sam1
- Guangdong Romanization: sem1
- IPA (key): /sɐm⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: lhim1
- IPA (key): /ɬim³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîm
- Hakka Romanization System: xim´
- Hagfa Pinyim: xim1
- IPA: /ɕim²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭng
- IPA (key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: xin (T1)
- IPA (key): /ɕɪɲ⁵³/
- (Shanghainese)
-
Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 心 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕin⁵⁵/ |
| Harbin | /ɕin⁴⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /ɕin²¹/ | |
| Jinan | /ɕiẽ²¹³/ | |
| Qingdao | /siə̃²¹³/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /sin²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /ɕiẽ²¹/ | |
| Xining | /ɕiə̃⁴⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ɕĩn³¹/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Wuhan | /ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
| Chengdu | /ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
| Guiyang | /ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
| Kunming | /ɕĩ/ | |
| Nanjing | /sin³¹/ | |
| Hefei | /ɕin²¹/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiəŋ¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /ɕiŋ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /ɕĩŋ³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɕiŋ⁵³/ |
| Suzhou | /sin⁵⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ɕin³³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /saŋ³³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /siʌ̃³¹/ |
| Tunxi | /sin¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /sin³³/ |
| Xiangtan | /sin³³/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕin⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sim⁴⁴/ |
| Taoyuan | /sim²⁴/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sɐm⁵³/ |
| Nanning | /ɬɐm⁵⁵/ | |
| Hong Kong | /sɐm⁵⁵/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /sim⁵⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /siŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /seiŋ⁵⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /sim³³/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /tim²³/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 心 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息林切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/siɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/sim/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/sjem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/sim/ |
| Li Rong |
/siəm/ |
| Wang Li |
/sĭĕm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/si̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
xīn |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 心 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
xīn |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ sim › |
| Old Chinese |
/*səm/ |
| English | heart |
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
|
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 心 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13801 |
| Phonetic component |
心 |
| Rime group |
侵 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
心 |
| Old Chinese |
/*slɯm/ |
DefinitionsEdit
心
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 心
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DescendantsEdit
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
心
ReadingsEdit
- Goon: しん (shin, Jōyō)
- Kan’on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
- Kun: こころ (kokoro, 心, Jōyō); ごころ (gokoro, 心)
- Nanori: むね (mune); まこと (makoto); み (mi)
CompoundsEdit
Terms derived from 心
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PhrasesEdit
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 心 |
| こころ Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
/ko2ko2ro2/: *[kəkərə] > [kokoro]. Cognate with Okinawan くくる (kukuru).
PronunciationEdit
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) こころ [kòkóróꜜ] (Odaka - [3])[1][2]
- (Tokyo) こころ [kòkóꜜrò] (Nakadaka - [2])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [ko̞ko̞ɾo̞]
-
Audio (file)
NounEdit
心 (hiragana こころ, rōmaji kokoro)
- mind, heart, spirit, soul; thoughts, ideas
- attention, mind, interest
- heart, feelings, emotion, emotional state
- wholeheartedness, sincerity, true heart
- sympathy, heart, consideration, generous disposition
- meaning, essence; answer (as to a riddle)
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 心 |
| うら Grade: 2 |
| Irregular |
Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- inner feelings; heart
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 心 |
| しん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi |
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- heart, mind, core; spirit, vitality; inner strength, marrow
- core (as of a fruit); wick; lead (as of a pencil); padding
CompoundsEdit
- 汎心論 (hanshinron, “panpsychism”)
ReferencesEdit
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- Satake, Akihiro; Hideo Yamada; Rikio Kudō; Masao Ōtani; Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 3: Man’yōshū 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 978-4-00-240003-7, published 2002.