改造

Chinese

		to change; to alter; to transform to change; to alter; to transform; to correct	to make; to build; to invent to make; to build; to invent; to manufacture
trad. (改造)		改	造
simp. ^#(改造)		改	造

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gǎizào

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄞˇ ㄗㄠˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): goi² zou⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kói-chho
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kái-chǒ / kái-chō

(Teochew, Peng'im): goi² zao⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǎizào
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄞˇ ㄗㄠˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǎizào
  - Wade–Giles: kai³-tsao⁴
  - Yale: gǎi-dzàu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaetzaw
  - Palladius: гайцзао (gajczao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: goi² zou⁶
  - Yale: gói jouh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: goi² dzou⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: goi² zou⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːi̯³⁵ t͡sou̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kói-chho
  - Hakka Romanization System: goi` co
  - Hagfa Pinyim: goi³ co⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /koi̯³¹ t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kái-chǒ
  - Tâi-lô: kái-tsǒ
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡so²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kái-chō
  - Tâi-lô: kái-tsō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kayzoi
  - IPA (Taipei): /kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɤ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: goi² zao⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kói tsău
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /koi⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sau³⁵/

Verb

改造

(transitive) to transform; to remodel
改造社會／改造社会 ― gǎizào shèhuì ― to transform society
(transitive) to reform (a person's thinking); to rehabilitate; to remould
改造自我 ― gǎizào zìwǒ ― to reform oneself

Synonyms

(to transform):

修改 (xiūgǎi)
切換／切换 (qiēhuàn)
改動／改动 (gǎidòng)
改換／改换 (gǎihuàn)
改觀／改观 (gǎiguān) (to change appearance, to change one's view)
改變／改变 (gǎibiàn)
更動／更动 (gēngdòng)
更換／更换 (gēnghuàn)
更改 (gēnggǎi)
游移 (yóuyí)
移 (yí)
移易 (yíyì) (literary)
竄／窜 (cuàn) (literary, or in compounds, to revise text)
竄亂／窜乱 (cuànluàn) (literary)
變／变 (biàn)
變換／变换 (biànhuàn)
變易／变易 (biànyì)
變更／变更 (biàngēng)
變變／变变 (Hokkien)
變革／变革 (biàngé) (chiefly social systems)
轉化／转化 (zhuǎnhuà)
轉換／转换 (zhuǎnhuàn)
轉變／转变 (zhuǎnbiàn)
遷／迁 (qiān)
革變／革变 (gébiàn) (literary)

Derived terms

城市改造 (chéngshì gǎizào)
基因改造 (jīyīn gǎizào)
技術改造／技术改造 (jìshù gǎizào)

Related terms

籌建／筹建 (chóujiàn)
改建 (gǎijiàn)
建立 (jiànlì)
修建 (xiūjiàn)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
改	造
かい Grade: 4	ぞう Grade: 5
on'yomi

Noun

改(かい)造(ぞう) • (kaizō)

Verb

改(かい)造(ぞう)する • (kaizō suru) transitive suru (stem 改(かい)造(ぞう)し (kaizō shi), past 改(かい)造(ぞう)した (kaizō shita))

remodel
住宅(じゅうたく)を改造(かいぞう)する
jūtaku o kaizō suru
remodel a house
reorganize, reshuffle

Conjugation

Conjugation of "改造する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	改造し	かいぞうし	kaizō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	改造し	かいぞうし	kaizō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	改造する	かいぞうする	kaizō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	改造する	かいぞうする	kaizō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	改造すれ	かいぞうすれ	kaizō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	改造せよ¹ 改造しろ²	かいぞうせよ¹ かいぞうしろ²	kaizō seyo¹ kaizō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	改造される	かいぞうされる	kaizō sareru
Causative	改造させる改造さす	かいぞうさせるかいぞうさす	kaizō saseru kaizō sasu
Potential	改造できる	かいぞうできる	kaizō dekiru
Volitional	改造しよう	かいぞうしよう	kaizō shiyō
Negative	改造しない	かいぞうしない	kaizō shinai
Negative continuative	改造せず	かいぞうせず	kaizō sezu
Formal	改造します	かいぞうします	kaizō shimasu
Perfective	改造した	かいぞうした	kaizō shita
Conjunctive	改造して	かいぞうして	kaizō shite
Hypothetical conditional	改造すれば	かいぞうすれば	kaizō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Descendants

⇒ English: kaizo

Korean

Hanja in this term
改	造

Noun

改造 • (gaejo) (hangeul 개조)

hanja form^? of 개조 (“remodelling”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
改	造

Verb

改造

chữ Hán form of cải tạo (“to renovate; reconstruct”).
chữ Hán form of cải tạo (“to reeducate; rehabilitate”).

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