食べる
Japanese
editKanji in this term |
---|
食 |
た Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Etymology
editFrom earlier Old Japanese form 食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior), a verb with the 下二段 (shimo nidan) or lower bigrade conjugation pattern. This was the humble form of 賜ぶ, 給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior), a verb with the full 四段 (yodan) or quadrigrade conjugation pattern.[1][2]
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
Most likely cognate with 給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior).
Compare the historical development of meaning from “to humbly receive” → “to eat”, with the modern use of the humble verb 頂く (itadaku, “to receive”) just before eating, in a sense of “I humbly receive this food.”
Pronunciation
edit- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "食べる"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
食べる | たべる | [tàbéꜜrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 食べろ | たべろ | [tàbéꜜrò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 食べられる | たべられる | [tàbéráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 食べさせる | たべさせる | [tàbésáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 食べられる | たべられる | [tàbéráréꜜrù] |
Volitional | 食べよう | たべよー | [tàbéyóꜜò] |
Negative | 食べない | たべない | [tàbéꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 食べなかった | たべなかった | [tàbéꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 食べます | たべます | [tàbémáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 食べた | たべた | [táꜜbètà] |
Conjunctive | 食べて | たべて | [táꜜbètè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 食べれば | たべれば | [tàbéꜜrèbà] |
Verb
edit食べる • (taberu) transitive ichidan (stem 食べ (tabe), past 食べた (tabeta))
- to eat
- (archaic, humble) to eat or drink
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 594:
- Tabe, uru, eta. タベ, ブル, ベタ (食べ, ぶる, べた) 食う, または, 飲む.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation
editConjugation of "食べる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 食べ | たべ | tabe | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 食べ | たべ | tabe | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 食べる | たべる | taberu | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 食べる | たべる | taberu | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 食べれ | たべれ | tabere | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 食べよ¹ 食べろ² |
たべよ¹ たべろ² |
tabeyo¹ tabero² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 食べられる | たべられる | taberareru | |
Causative | 食べさせる 食べさす |
たべさせる たべさす |
tabesaseru tabesasu | |
Potential | 食べられる 食べれる³ |
たべられる たべれる³ |
taberareru tabereru³ | |
Volitional | 食べよう | たべよう | tabeyō | |
Negative | 食べない 食べぬ 食べん |
たべない たべぬ たべん |
tabenai tabenu taben | |
Negative continuative | 食べず | たべず | tabezu | |
Formal | 食べます | たべます | tabemasu | |
Perfective | 食べた | たべた | tabeta | |
Conjunctive | 食べて | たべて | tabete | |
Hypothetical conditional | 食べれば | たべれば | tabereba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Synonyms
editSynonyms
References
edit- ^ “食”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 食 read as た
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
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- Japanese type 2 verbs
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