Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷetwóres

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Etymology edit

Considering PIE morpheme structure, *kʷetwor- has too many consonants to be a true primitive morpheme. Tentatively, the feminine stem could point to an elemental "four" of the shape **kʷet- or **kʷetu-.

Numeral edit

Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers
 <  3 4 5  > 
    Cardinal : *kʷetwóres
    Ordinal : *kʷ(e)twr̥tós[1]
    Prefix : *kʷetwr̥-

*kʷetwóres[2]

  1. four

Inflection edit

Athematic, amphikinetic
masculine feminine
nominative *kʷetwóres *kʷétesres
genitive *kʷeturóHom *kʷetesróHom
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷetwóres
vocative *kʷetwóres
accusative *kʷetwórm̥s
genitive *kʷeturóHom
ablative *kʷetwr̥mós
dative *kʷetwr̥mós
locative *kʷetwr̥sú
instrumental *kʷetwr̥mís
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷétesres
vocative *kʷétesres
accusative *kʷétesrm̥s
genitive *kʷetesróHom
ablative *kʷetesr̥mós
dative *kʷetesr̥mós
locative *kʷetesr̥sú
instrumental *kʷetesr̥mís
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kʷetwṓr
vocative *kʷetwṓr
accusative *kʷetwṓr
genitive *kʷeturóHom
ablative *kʷetwr̥mós
dative *kʷetwr̥mós
locative *kʷetwr̥sú
instrumental *kʷetwr̥mís

Derived terms edit

  • *kʷetwr̥- (compounds)
  • *kʷetwr̥tos ~ *kʷetwr̥tHos
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ketwirtas
      • Proto-Slavic: *četvьrtъ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *fedurþô (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Proto-Italic: *kʷawortos
      • Latin: quārtus (see there for further descendants)

Descendants edit

References edit

  1. ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
  2. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  3. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “lmaos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 547
  4. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “śtwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 703