Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pénkʷe
Proto-Indo-EuropeanEdit
EtymologyEdit
Usually explained as a derivation from the words for "fist" and "finger":
- Proto-Indo-European *pn̥kʷ-sti-s (“fist”) > Proto-Germanic *funhstiz > *funstiz > Proto-West Germanic *fūsti (> Old English fȳst (“fist”), Old Frisian fest (“fist”), Old High German fūst (“fist”))
- Proto-Indo-European *penkʷ-ró-s (“finger”) > Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”) (> Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs, “finger”), Old Norse fingr, Old English finger, Old High German finger)
Ultimately all of these forms may go back to a verbal stem *penkʷ- (“to take in hand, to handle”), but which is not attested in any of the daughter languages. According to Blažek (1999: 229) however, the meanings “fist”, etc. are primary.[1] Relation has been suggested to *ponkʷ-to- (“all, whole”), possibly seen in Latin cūnctus and Hittite 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš, “family”), thus *pénkʷe meaning "the whole (hand)".[2]
PronunciationEdit
NumeralEdit
< 4 | 5 | 6 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : *pénkʷe Ordinal : *penkʷetós[3] | ||
*pénkʷe
DeclensionEdit
Uninflected.
DescendantsEdit
- Albanian: *penče
- Anatolian:
- Luwian: [script needed] (paⁿta)
- Armenian:
- Balto-Slavic: *penke
- Celtic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)
- Germanic: *fimf (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic: *pénkʷe (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian: *pánča (see there for further descendants)
- Italic: *kʷenkʷe
- Messapic: [Term?] (penka-)
- Phrygian: πινκε (pinke)
- Tocharian: *p'äñś
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Franklin E. Horowitz (1992). “On the Proto-Indo-European etymon for ‘hand’.” WORD―Journal of the International Linguistic Association, 43(3), 411-419.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
- Blažek, Václav. 1999. Numerals. Comparative-Etymological Analysis and their Implications. Brno: Masarykova Univerzita v Brně